饥饿对认知与社会行为的影响及其机制

从心理学视角综述了饥饿对个体认知与社会行为的广泛影响。饥饿会损害一般认知功能, 潜在导致决策与认知偏差, 并引发道德判断标准降低、社会态度改变以及攻击行为增加等现象。在以往研究的基础上, 总结出饥饿影响认知与社会行为内在机制的三种假说：自我损耗说、认知激活说以及协调机制说。最后, 指出当前研究存在着饥饿主观感受差异、测量方法不够准确等问题, 未来研究需要提高饥饿的测量效度, 从生理、心理、社会等多个层面对饥饿影响的机制进行深入探讨。     

Condom Use Among U.S. Students: The Importance of Confidence in Normative and Attitudinal Perceptions

Abstract

The author performed a study among U.S. undergraduates to test an earlier conclusion (D. Trafimow, 1994) that confidence in the correctness of one's perceptions of normative pressure to use a condom influences the correspondence between those perceptions and the intentions actually to perform the behavior. Consistent with previous findings (Trafimow), the participants' perceptions of normative pressure strongly predicted their intentions to use condoms only under conditions of extreme normative confidence. Otherwise, their attitudes were better predictors of their intentions to use condoms. In addition, 2 other variables (attitudinal confidence and perceived behavioral control) were found to be unimportant predictors of intentions. Results of a 2nd study suggest that behaviors performed by sexual partners and knowing the sexual partners affected the participants' normative confidence.     

On Strong Attitudes and Group Deliberation: Relationships,Structure, Changes,and Effects

Drawing on quasi‐experimental data from participants in structured and moderated deliberations on sexual minority rights in Poland, this study tests the relationship between attitude importance, certainty, intensity, and extremity. This study also examines the antecedents of these attributes and their consequences for several democratically important outcomes (i.e., perceived disagreement, negative affect, attitude polarization, self‐reported polarization, argument repertoire, and political participation). This study further asks whether these attributes exert different effects than a composite attitude strength index. Although factor analysis suggests that these attributes represent one construct, they are differently affected by deliberation and exert differential effects. The analyses further reveal that relying on the composite index obscures substantial information and inaccurately represents strength‐related processes and functions. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications are discussed.     

Multiple endorsers and multiple endorsements: The influence of message repetition,source congruence and involvement on brand attitudes

This paper investigates the effects of source congruence on brand attitudes in two situations: multiple brand endorsements by one celebrity and multiple celebrity endorsers of one brand. Under low involvement conditions, brand attitudes become more negative as a celebrity endorses multiple brands and more favorable with multiple endorsers. In high involvement conditions, strong source congruence overrides the negative effect of multiple brands, and the positive effect of multiple endorsers is found only with strong congruence. We interpret these results as suggestive of a frequency knowledge cue that dominates under low involvement but is non-diagnostic in high involvement scenarios.     

免费师范生教师职业认同量表的编制

鉴于免费师范生的特殊性,有必要对其教师职业认同进行科学研究。本研究在前期调研与访谈的基础上,对北京某高校284名免费师范生进行问卷测试,编制了《免费师范生教师职业认同量表》,并重新选取168名免费师范生施测,采用验证性因素分析技术对量表进行结构检验。研究结果表明：（1）免费师范生的教师职业认同感包括内在价值认同、外在价值认同、意志行为认同三个维度;（2）免费师范生教师职业认同量表具有良好的信、效度。     

品牌名称暗示性对消费者决策选择的影响：认知需要和专业化水平的调节作用

品牌管理者最首要的决策就是选择一个好记的或有意义的品牌名字。由于任何特征的品牌名字都必须借助消费者的认知差异来实现真正的差异化, 因此, 从消费者认知特点出发研究暗示性品牌名字就显得尤为重要和有意义。本文通过3个实验, 分别验证了消费者认知需要和专业化水平对品牌名称暗示性与决策选择的调节作用。方差分析发现：低专业化水平的消费者更倾向于根据暗示性的品牌名字做出决策, 而高专业化水平的消费者则不受品牌名称暗示程度的影响。此外, 低认知需要的消费者比较喜欢暗示性的品牌名字, 而对于高认知需要的消费者来说, 品牌名字的暗示性程度不会对其决策过程产生影响。最后, 研究结果揭示了专业化水平和认知需要对暗示性品牌名字效果发挥具有交互作用。对于具有高专业化水平的消费者来说, 无论他们处于低认知需要还是高认知需要, 品牌名字的暗示程度都不会影响他们的态度形成。相反地,对于具有低专业化水平的消费者来说, 无论是低认知需要还是高认知需要均倾向于暗示性的品牌名字。而对于专业化程度中等的消费者而言, 暗示性品牌名字效用的发挥则取决于其处理信息的动机—认知需要水平。     

Processes of Social Influence on Sampling Behavior: The Effect of Other's Positive Attitude and Receiver's Prior Experience

Studies about attitude formation have pointed out the importance of sampling behavior. When thinking about actual social interaction scenes, it may be better to consider them as attitude-updating processes between those who have already formed attitudes based on some experience. Sixty-five participants took part in the experiment, in which the other's positive attitude and the participant's own prior experience were manipulated. After participants had been presented five types of puzzles (experience: direct vs. indirect), which had been made to improve analytic ability, their attitudes towards the puzzles were measured (“pre attitude”). They were shown the other's positive attitude (inconsistent vs. consistent), and they were given 10 min of free time before “testing on their analytic ability.” The amount of time spent on each puzzle was recorded to index sampling behavior and the attitudes towards the puzzles were measured after the free time (“post attitude”). The results of analyses showed that the other's positive attitude increased sampling behavior when the participant's attitude was positive (first-ranked) and negative (fifth-ranked), and that prior experience and sampling contributed to attitude change for the first-ranked puzzle. Those who had had direct experience and those who had spent more time sampling this puzzle tended to maintain their previous positive attitude. The potential boundary conditions of social influence on sampling behavior are discussed.     

中文版婴儿态度量表在已婚育龄女性中的信效度检验

目的 将婴儿态度量表(Attitude Toward Babies Scale,ABS)进行汉化,并检验在中国已婚育龄女性中的信效度。方法 采用方便取样的方法,选取贵州、山西、湖北等地的700名育龄女性进行施测,通过项目分析、内容效度分析、探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析、效标关联效度、Cronbach α系数、分半信度、重测信度评价其信效度。结果 项目分析表明,婴儿态度量表各条目与量表各维度总分显著相关,具有良好的区分度; 内容效度分析表明专家间一致性水平(IR)为1,I-CVI在0.83～1之间,S-CVI/UA为0.82,S-CVI/Ave为0.97; 探索性因素分析得出5个特征值>1的因子,累计方差贡献率为54.399%; 验证性因素分析表明五因素模型拟合度较好(χ2/df=2.500,CFI=0.922,TLI=0.914,RMSEA=0.048,SRMR=0.050); 各效标与该量表显著相关; 总量表Cronbach α系数为0.748,量表的分半信度为0.661,重测信度为0.639。结论 修订后的ABS具有良好的信效度,可以作为已婚育龄女性生育动机的有效测量工具。     

Does a prosocial attitude reduce risky driving behaviour under time pressure?

Time pressure could make drivers exhibit more risky driving behaviour. Attitudes can influence people’s behaviours, but few studies have explored the influence of prosocial attitudes on driving behaviour. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of prosocial attitudes on driving behaviour under time pressure. A 2 (high/low prosocial attitude) *2 (present/no time pressure) mixed design was used to investigate the interaction between prosocial attitude and time pressure on driving behaviour. Prosocial attitudes and time pressure have a significant main effect on driving behaviour. Drivers with high prosocial attitudes made lane changes at a greater distance from pedestrians and decelerated to a greater degree than drivers with low prosocial attitudes when interacting with pedestrians. Under time pressure, people drive faster and accelerate more quickly. Specifically, we found an interaction between time pressure and prosocial attitudes on driving behaviour. Drivers with low prosocial attitudes showed higher speeds than drivers with high prosocial attitudes under the time pressure scenario on foggy roads. The results showed that high prosocial attitudes lead to friendly interactions with pedestrians and careful driving in specific situations, even under time pressure. The present study not only expands the research on driving behaviour and attitude but can also provide some data support and guidance for driver selection and training.     

Process‐orientated psychoanalytic work in initial interviews and the importance of the opening scene

From the very first moment of the initial interview to the end of a long course of psychoanalysis, the unconscious exchange between analysand and analyst, and the analysis of the relationship between transference and countertransference, are at the heart of psychoanalytic work. Drawing on initial interviews with a psychosomatically and depressively ill student, a psychoanalytic understanding of initial encounters is worked out. The opening scene of the first interview already condenses the central psychopathology – a clinging to the primary object because it was never securely experienced as present by the patient. The author outlines the development of some psychoanalytic theories concerning the initial interview and demonstrates their specific importance as background knowledge for the clinical situation in the following domains: the ‘diagnostic position’, the ‘therapeutic position’, the ‘opening scene’, the ‘countertransference’ and the ‘analyst's free‐floating introspectiveness’. More recent investigations refer to ‘process qualities’ of the analytic relationship, such as ‘synchronization’ and ‘self‐efficacy’. The latter seeks to describe after how much time between the interview sessions constructive or destructive inner processes gain ground in the patient and what significance this may have for the decision about the treatment that follows. All these factors combined can lead to establishing a differential process‐orientated indication that also takes account of the fact that being confronted with the fear of unconscious processes of exchange is specific to the psychoanalytic profession.