米契尔认知情感的个性系统理论述评

近20年左右,以社会认知理论命名的个性新观点正悄然兴起,并成为心理学重新综合趋势的重要反映。这一研究取向认为人是可以认知的、社会的人,并强调把认知过程看作是理解复杂的、有目的的社会行为的一把钥匙。在个性心理学领域,沃尔特·米契尔(Walter Mischel)是采用认知变量解释个性差异并做出非凡贡献的重要人物之一。该文着重从米契尔的三大重要研究领域:认知原型分类、认知情感的个性系统和自我延迟满足能力出发,详细阐述米契尔认知情感的个性系统理论,并对其个性理论的影响和作用进行简要评价。     

试论环境道德教育的本质特征

环境道德教育是培养解决环境问题应具备的价值观和态度的教育,是环境教育的有机组成部分,它是一种素质教育、人格教育;是一种社会教育、大众教育;是一种全面的、持续的终身教育。它拓展了现代教育的空域时序人种囿见,最有可能成为跨越各种差异的国际性教育。     

The Treatment of Histrionic and Narcissistic Personality Disorder Behaviors: A Single-Subject Demonstration of Clinical Improvement Using Functional Analytic Psychotherapy

This article presents single-subject data for the treatment of histrionic and narcissistic personality disorder behaviors using a relatively brief course of an interpersonal therapy, Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (Kohlenberg & Tsai, 1991). The treatment produced significant changes in these behaviors both statistically and qualitatively. Empirical methods for analyzing the changes across sessions and for determining that the therapist engaged in the proposed mechanism of clinical change are discussed. While these data are for one subject, the results of treatment provide both a method of treating difficult and long-standing client behaviors such as these, and for assessing the progress of therapy.     

中学生的思维风格与人格特质的关系

以497名中学生为被试,采用四种不同的统计方法,从多角度考察中学生的思维风格与人格特质之间的关系,为进一步探讨思维风格是否为介于智力和人格之间的一个中间变量奠定基础。结果发现,中学生的思维风格与人格特质之间存在稳定的对应关系,思维风格对人格特质的影响作用大于人格特质对思维风格的作用。     

Implications of MDMA use for prospective memory function and substance use patterns in an Australian sample: A web‐based pilot study

The use of amphetamine type stimulants, particularly MDMA, is a global concern. Little research has been conducted on the association between MDMA use and everyday memory function—prospective memory. Twenty‐five MDMA users, 37 cannabis users, and 43 illicit substance‐naïve controls were assessed on their substance use history and reported prospective memory performance as measured by the Prospective Memory Questionnaire (PMQ) using a web‐based survey. There were significant differences between MDMA users and controls and cannabis users and controls on long‐term episodic subscale of the PMQ. However, given the high prevalence of cannabis co‐use by MDMA users, it was not possible to determine if MDMA use alone is associated with prospective memory performance. The substance use patterns of the sample were evaluated. Alcohol was the most used substance followed by tobacco, cannabis, and MDMA. The incidence of polydrug use was high, with all illicit substance use reporting having used at least two substances in their lifetime. The present study supports previous research into prospective memory deficits associated with substance use, and provides a basis for future research, particularly for elucidation of prospective memory deficits specific to MDMA use and further evaluation of substance use patterns.     

Proactive personality and career adaptability: The role of thriving at work

This is a pioneer study to examine the mechanism underlying the relationship between proactive personality and career adaptability. Using a moderated mediation approach, it tested the mediating effect of thriving on this relationship and the moderating effect of proactive personality on the relationship between thriving and career adaptability. Three hundred and sixty-four adult employees participated in the survey study. Results demonstrated that proactive personality first promoted individuals' thriving at work, which in turn led to improved career adaptability. In addition, the effect of thriving on career adaptability was found to be stronger for those individuals with low rather than high proactive personality. In supporting this, the moderated mediation analysis further indicated that low proactive individuals, compared to their high proactive counterparts, relied more on thriving when developing career adaptability resources. These findings have important implications for career research and career counseling practices.     

Higher-order Traits and Happiness in the Workplace: The Importance of Occupational Project Scale for the Evaluation of Characteristic Adaptations

This study attempts to explain the relationship between job satisfaction and the Big Two, Stability and Plasticity, which are the higher-order traits of Big Five. Occupational Project, a narrative construct, was considered a mediator variable in this relationship. Occupational Project consists of affective and cognitive evaluations of an individual's work life as a project in terms of the completed (past), the ongoing (present) and the prospective (future) parts. The survey method was applied to a sample of 253 participants. The results supported the proposed model, in which Occupational Project mediated the relationship between the Big Two and both job satisfaction and affect in workplace. Discussion is focused on applying Occupational Project as a practical tool for management. Consideration of an employee's Occupational Project could provide management with a means to question, understand, intervene with and redefine the narrative quality of his/her occupational project that influences job satisfaction.     

Intentions to Cheat: Ajzen's Planned Behavior and Goal-Related Personality Facets

This study sought to test antecedents to college students’ intentions to cheat by utilizing Ajzen's (1991 Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. doi:org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) theory of planned behavior (TPB), and four goal-related personality facets. Those facets were behavioral approach, behavioral inhibition, need for achievement–hope of success, and need for achievement–fear of failure. As hypothesized, perceived friends’ and parents’ attitudes toward academic dishonesty (two subjective norms) and perceived ease of cheating (perceived behavioral control) all positively predicted overall intentions to cheat. Perceived friends’ attitudes seemed to play a more influential role than perceived parents’ attitudes. Interestingly, male students reported greater parental acceptance of academic misconduct than female students reported. Among the personality facets, behavioral approach and need for achievement–hope of success were positive and negative predictors of cheating intentions, respectively. A more fine-grained examination of take-home assignments revealed that students considered them easier to cheat on and reported greater intentions to cheat on them in comparison to other forms of academic work (e.g., exams and papers). Also, need for achievement–fear of failure positively predicted intentions to cheat on take-home assignments, but not other cheating intentions. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.