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71.
72.
Previous studies, mainly from the United States, have indicated that religious beliefs can help inmates to cope with imprisonment and to build hopes for the future. The purpose of this study was to examine if this is the case also in Sweden, which is usually considered to be one of the most secular countries in the world. The data consist of semistructured interviews with 14 prisoners participating in the so‐called Monastery Route activities within Swedish prisons. Although the activities are based on Christianity, the explicit aim is to invite individuals from all religions, as well as those with an open attitude toward spirituality. How do the inmates formulate their beliefs (if any) along the lines of doctrinal religiousness and personal spirituality, respectively? And, how does this orientation affect the ability to cope with imprisonment, as well as the views of the future? The results show that a small number of the participants defined themselves as Christian, but that the majority had instead developed a more personal form of spirituality. This provided them with a means of working with themselves and gave them a sense of inner calm. The study's findings are contrasted against conflicting results from the United States. 相似文献
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74.
Stephanie C. Payne Satoris S. Culbertson Wendy R. Boswell Eric J. Barger 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2008,73(3):465-472
We sought to determine the extent to which one’s beliefs about the relationship between an employee and an organization at the start of employment influence subsequent socialization activities. The balance of employee exchange relationships, employee perceptions of both their own obligations and the employers’ obligations, were collected from 120 newcomers in a public sector organization on the first day of employment and again three months later. We found the relationship between employee obligations and two socialization activities (time with mentor and time spent in training) depended on the employee’s perceptions of what the employer owed the employee, such that employees in unbalanced relationships tended to engage in more socialization activities than employees in balanced relationships. 相似文献
75.
Happiness in Everyday Life: The Uses of Experience Sampling 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
This paper uses the Experience Sampling Method data drawn from a national sample of American youth. It examines the proximal environmental factors as well as behaviors and habits that correlate to personal happiness. Momentary-level scores show that reported happiness varies significantly both by day of week and time of day. Furthermore, particular activities are associated with varying degrees of happiness. School activities rate below average scores in happiness, while social, active and passive leisure activities are above average. Particular companions also correlate to differing level of happiness. Being alone rates the lowest levels of happiness, while being with friend corresponds to the highest. Person-level averages of happiness suggest that both higher social class and age correlate with lower levels of happiness, while gender and race do not. Paradoxically, youth who spend more time in school and social activities are happier than those who spend less. Unexpectedly, students who spend more time pleasure reading report lower levels of happiness. Finally, feeling good about the self, excited, proud, sociable, active as well as being in the conditions for flow experience are the strongest predictors of trait happiness. 相似文献
76.
Taeda Jovičić 《Argumentation》2004,18(1):1-24
In this paper, I try to develop an informal model for the analysis and evaluation of argumentative strategies based on active authorities. The explanations necessary to understand the idea of the model and what is modelled are given through the development of the paper. I first give an example of argumentative activities. After that, the main assumption of the model is given. In the third part, the relevant aspects of the argumentative activity are analysed, while the principles of the evaluation are explained in the fourth part. The informal model is presented in the fifth part. In the final remarks, the suggestions for further work are given, as well as a comparison with some related recent works in argumentation theory. 相似文献
77.
78.
Unemployment, Social Capital, and Subjective Well-Being 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Rainer Winkelmann 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2009,10(4):421-430
It has been shown in past research that unemployment has a large negative impact on subjective well-being of individuals.
In this paper, I explore whether and to what extent people with more social capital are sheltered from the harmful effects
of unemployment. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel 1984–2004, I find that social capital is an important predictor
of well-being levels, but there is no evidence that it moderates the effect of unemployment on well-being. Possible reasons
for these findings are discussed, and suggestions for future research given.
This paper was written while I was visiting scholar at the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research in Kalamazoo, MI.
I am grateful to the Institute for its hospitality, to Andrew Clark, Andrew Oswald and three anonymous referees for valuable
comments, and to the German Socio Economic Panel Study (GSOEP) at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Berlin,
for providing the data. 相似文献
79.
Ann Lagomarcino Dennis H. Reid Martin T. Ivancic Gerald D. Faw 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1984,17(1):71-84
We evaluated an approach for teaching an intermediate community living skill via a leisure-dance activity to institutionalized severely and profoundly retarded persons. The targeted skill was considered as intermediate in contrast to a community living skill per se because it was based on successful performances of higher functioning, noninstitutionalized retarded persons as opposed to nonhandicapped individuals. Definitions for appropriate dancing were established and then validated through observations of the performance of retarded persons living in the local community. The dance skills were then taught to four participants through serial training in leg movements, arm movements, and coordinated leg and arm movements, plus follow-up trainer supervision. Generalization was also programmed by way of multiple trainers and training settings. Results during structured assessments showed that all four residents acquired the dance skills and that both serial training and follow-up supervision were necessary for skill acquisition. Generalized increases in appropriate dancing at dances attended by the participants and retarded persons from the community were also demonstrated. However, in most cases some active supervision by caregivers was needed to enhance the generalized improvements. Results are discussed in terms of the applicability of this approach for validating goals when training other community-related skills to low-functioning populations. 相似文献
80.
Innis NK Simmelhag-Grant VL Staddon JE 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1983,39(2):309-322
Pigeons were exposed to fixed-time schedules of food presentation ranging from five to 300 seconds. Although consistent, stereotyped response patterns developed during interfood intervals on all schedules, there were distinct differences in the behavior observed on schedules with short, as opposed to long, intervals. During the shorter intervals, responses were performed quite vigorously, a feeder-directed terminal response was observed, and most activities were localized near the feeder. On the longer schedules, no feeder-directed terminal response developed, although the birds were usually near the feeder at the end of intervals. The predominant response involved moving about the chamber, often pacing along one of the walls. Performance during short intervals is accounted for quite well by the antagonistic-motivational state hypothesis suggested by Staddon (1977); however, performance during longer intervals is not. Behavior during interfood intervals may more accurately be classified as reflecting a single (food) motivational state and described simply in terms of Craig's (1918) appetitive behavior. 相似文献