Subjective Career Success and Emotional Well-Being: Longitudinal Predictive Power of Selection, Optimization, and Compensation

In a 3-year longitudinal study, we found in a sample of young professionals (N=82; 44% male; age range: 28 to 39 years) that self-reported behaviors reflecting selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) predicted global and work-specific subjective well-being (multiple correlations ranged from R=.22 to R=.44). In addition to optimization (i.e., implementing goal-relevant means), it was especially the degree of compensation (i.e., investing goal-relevant means to counteract losses) that predicted how emotionally balanced individuals felt and how satisfied they were with their work situation 3 years later. These longitudinal predictions were quite robust when controlling for personality variables (NEO). Results are consistent with previous cross-sectional findings and demonstrate how the SOC framework might be successfully applied to the domain of vocational behavior.     

Les représentations de l’entretien structuré chez les recruteurs

We studied recruiters’ representations of the structured interview. In Study 1, 90 recruiters were interviewed. They define “structure” mainly as a schema or list of questions. The terms “structured” and “unstructured” also have different connotations. This can create a social desirability bias in surveys on selection practices, causing an overestimation of the real prevalence of structured interviewing. In Study 2, 59 recruiters responded to a questionnaire. Attitudes towards structured interviews are positive, but representations diverge from scientific definitions, especially regarding unstructured interviews. Recruiters’ representations allow flexibility in practice while maintaining a positive self-image.     

Validité de construit d’une épreuve de jeu de rôle dans le cadre d’un centre d’évaluation chez des officiers de marine.

The present study was designed to obtain validity estimates for a role-play test. Participants were 125 french Navy officers who were rated by a pool of professional assessors and psychologists. All the assessors received reccurring training sessions, focusing on the behavioral checklist, on rating errors, and on share frame of reference. The assessment procedure included role play exercise, cognitive ability scale (g factor) and personality scale (big five factors). First, exploratory factor analyses were conducted on the data gathered, and four factors were identified (authoritarianism, oral communication, consideration with others and frankness). In a nomological perspective, we also analysed the links between the exercises dimensions, personality inventorie and intelligence scale. The findings suggest that role play dimension, personality and intelligence seem to measure different thinks.     

Model structure adequacy analysis: selecting models on the basis of their ability to answer scientific questions

Models carry the meaning of science. This puts a tremendous burden on the process of model selection. In general practice, models are selected on the basis of their relative goodness of fit to data penalized by model complexity. However, this may not be the most effective approach for selecting models to answer a specific scientific question because model fit is sensitive to all aspects of a model, not just those relevant to the question. Model Structural Adequacy analysis is proposed as a means to select models based on their ability to answer specific scientific questions given the current understanding of the relevant aspects of the real world.     

Abnormality, cognitive virtues, and knowledge

Causal analyses of one’s knowing that p have recently emphasized the involvement of cognitive virtues in coming to believe that p. John Greco suggests that in order to deal with Gettier-type cases, a virtue analysis of knowing should include a requirement that one’s knowing does not in a certain way involve abnormality. Yet Greco’s emphasis on statistical abnormality either renders his analysis subject to a generality problem or to objections regarding certain Gettier-type cases. When we instead consider abnormality in the sense of a causally differentiating factor in relation to a causal contrast situation, the account remains unclear concerning its application to an interesting non-Gettier-type case concerning chance. The exploration of these shortcomings casts doubt on the epistemological usefulness of the schema, ‘If you know, then there is no abnormality in your being right.’     

Mother nature's tolerant ways: Why non-genetic inheritance has nothing to do with evolution

Recently a number of theorists have suggested that evolution can use non-genetic or environmental inheritance to pass on adaptations (e.g. [Mameli, M. (2004). Nongenetic selection and nongenetic inheritance. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 55, 35-71]). Furthermore, it has been suggested that non-genetic, or environmental factors, can play a central role in the process of evolution that is not captured by the neo-Darwinian view which places natural selection centre stage (e.g. [Odling-Smee, J. J., Laland, K. N., & Feldman, M. W. (2003). Niche construction: The neglected process in evolution. New Jersey: Princeton University Press]). In this paper we present and clarify neo-Darwinian theory and then take issue with the notions of contemporary gene-centred selection and inheritance that non-genetic inheritance theorists have used. We claim that they have misunderstood the distinction and relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic inheritance and we clarify this with a number of examples from the behavioural and biological sciences. According to this analysis there is no such thing as biologically independent non-genetic inheritance, all extrinsic inheritance is a consequence of traits and dispositions that are intrinsic to an organism and intrinsic design can only be explained through neo-Darwinism. We point to the implications this view has for current conceptions of cultural evolution.     

词汇歧义消解的脑机制

词汇歧义是语言歧义的一种, 词汇歧义消解受到相对意义频率和语境的影响。半视野研究发现大脑两半球都能在词汇歧义消解过程中根据语境信息选择性地激活歧义词的恰当意义、抑制不恰当意义, 其中左半球的语义选择功能更强; 脑损伤研究发现大脑左、右半球损伤都会导致词汇歧义消解中语义选择障碍, 词汇歧义消解需要大脑两半球的联合作用; 神经成像研究进一步发现额叶与颞叶共同支持词汇歧义消解, 歧义词的恰当意义的选择是由额下回执行的, 语义整合加工是由颞叶负责的。     

An efficient cervical disease diagnosis approach using segmented images and cytology reporting

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women globally. A computer aided cervical disease diagnosis system that can relieve pressure on medical experts and save the cost is proposed. To implement our approach in the reality of cervical diseases diagnosis, a multi-modal framework is designed for three kinds of cervical diseases diagnosis that integrates uterine cervix images, Thinprep Cytology Test, human papillomavirus test, and patients’ age. However, too many features increase memory storage costs and computational costs, and it affects the spread of this system in poor areas. Feature selection not only eliminates redundant or irrelevant features but also finds the factors that influence the disease most first is performed in multi-modal frameworks for cervical diseases diagnosis. The detailed process of the method is as follows: first, according the representative color, an efficient image segmentation algorithm is developed; then from three different types of segmented images, we extract color features and texture features for interpreting uterine cervix images; next, Boruta algorithm is applied to feature selection; finally, the performance of Random Forests that utilizes selected features for cervical disease diagnosis is investigated. In the experiment, the proposed multi-modal diagnostic approach gives the final diagnosis for three different kinds of cervical diseases with 83.1% accuracy, which significantly outperforms methods using any single source of information alone. The validation cohort is applied to validate the efficiency of our method, and the performance of random forest obtained by using only 1.2% of features is like or even better than using 100% of features.     

A hybrid neutrosophic multiple criteria group decision making approach for project selection

The project selection is one of the most important phases of a project life cycle. The project selection is considered as a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) problem. This research aims to study the integration between Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) into Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) under neutrosophic environment to provide a new technique for making a decision regarding the choice of appropriate project (project selection) as one of the most important phases of the project life cycle. Projects are selected by comparing them against many criteria. Criteria are evaluated based on expert’s opinion. Sometimes experts cannot give reliable information due to the non-deterministic environment. The neutrosophic set theory will be used to handle and overcome the ambiguity or lack of confirmation of information. The criteria are weighted by DEMATEL, then the best project alternative is selected using TOPSIS. In the proposed model, each pairwise comparison judgments is symbolized as a trapezoidal neutrosophic number. Experts will focus only on (n − 1) judgments for n alternatives to overcome the difficulties of [(n * (n − 1))/2] consistence judgments in case of increasing number of alternatives. A numerical example is developed to show the validation of the suggested model in the neutrosophic environment.     

难度－价值权衡情境下的项目选择及其眼动特征

本研究采用行为和眼动技术,通过设置难度—价值权衡情境,考察在学习时间有限的条件下,学习者如何选择学习项目,以及该过程如何发生。结果发现：(1)被试更多选择得分期望最高的项目,而非分值最高或最简单的项目。(2)选择学习项目的过程不存在计算项目得分期望的过程。结果表明,学习者项目选择不仅基于难度或价值,而是会权衡难度和价值,选择得分期望最高的项目。该过程不符合补偿性决策理论的预期,与非补偿性理论预期一致。