Semantics for Dual and Symmetric Combinatory Calculi

We define dual and symmetric combinatory calculi (inequational and equational ones), and prove their consistency. Then, we introduce algebraic and set theoretical– relational and operational – semantics, and prove soundness and completeness. We analyze the relationship between these logics, and argue that inequational dual logics are the best suited to model computation.     

Classifying ℵo-Categorical Theories II: The Existence of Finitely Axiomatizable Proper Class II Theories

Clark and Krauss [1977] presents a classification of complete, satisfiable and h835h84xg3237737/xxlarge8501.gif" alt="aleph" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">_o-categorical theories in first order languages with finite non-logical vocabularies. In 1988 the first author modified this classification and raised three questions about the distribution of finitely axiomatizable theories. This paper answers two of those questions.     

IS THE DEVIL IN THE DETAILS? Tension Between Minimalism and Comprehensiveness in the Shariah

The comprehensiveness of Islamic law has been questioned seriously in the modern period by Muslim reformists like Rashīd Ri?ā. Such reformists have used as evidence Qur'anic verses and Prophetic reports that seem to state clearly that the strictures of Islamic law are few and limited and that Muslims should not extend them to all areas of life. How could the Shariah have developed as a holistic and exhaustive body of law in light of such evidence? Looking back at earlier Muslim scholars from the ninth to the eighteenth centuries, however, we see that these Qur'anic verses and Prophetic edicts were never understood in this way. They were either diffused with various hermeneutic strategies or understood as applying to debates unrelated to the comprehensiveness or minimalism of the Shariah.     

Bringing “The Dead” to Life: Reading James Joyce

The author offers a personal reading of James Joyce's h5j66575l1153517/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">The Dead.h5j66575l1153517/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> She focuses on how the sounds of the language are used to portray the main character's deadness and his beginning to come to life once the barriers to inner self and self-knowledge are broken.     

Unintelligibility or Defeat: The Issue of Engagement in Philosophical Debates

A recognition of the acutely terministic and agonistic character of philosophizing has led to the perception of a dilemma in philosophical debates: differing positions are capable of being maintained only at the expense of h736p81560066063/xxlarge8216.gif" alt="lsquo" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">mutual unintelligibility,h736p81560066063/xxlarge8217.gif" alt="rsquo" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0"> and a real h736p81560066063/xxlarge8216.gif" alt="lsquo" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">contact of mindsh736p81560066063/xxlarge8217.gif" alt="rsquo" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0"> could never be achieved without one side of the controversy abandoning its position and the enabling argumentative tension ceasing to exist. This perception is sustainable, however, only if we continue to accept the assumption that a direct, unmediated confrontation between disputants personifying two sets of rigidly defined terms is the mode of philosophical argumentation. A triadic rather than diadic conception of a typical debate between opposing schools of thought, which differentiates between the opponent and the audience, would address the theoretical misgivings caused by the perceived predicament.     

Yawning frequency and distribution in preterm and near term infants assessed throughout 24-h recordings

Yawning has been observed in foetuses and preterm infants. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and the 24 h distribution of yawning in preterm infants.Twelve low-risk infants between 31 and 40 weeks of post-conceptional age (PCA) were continuously video-recorded for 24 h in their incubator. Spontaneous yawning was defined as opening of the mouth to its full extension in a dramatic stretch movement.The results showed that the rate of yawning across the 24-h period was 1.10/h. The highest incidence of yawns was in the waking motility pattern when compared to active sleep or quiet sleep motility patterns.Between 31 and 40 weeks, yawn incidence significantly decreased mainly during the day. The marked decrease in yawn frequency with age may be related to the development of circadian and homeostatic control of sleep and wake.     

Quasi-varieties: A special access

Quasi-equational logic concerns with a completeness theorem, i. e. a list of general syntactical rules such that, being given a set of graded quasi-equations Q, the closure Cl Q = Qeq Fun Q can be derived from h83282843031n066/11225_2005_Article_9260_TeX2GIFIE1.gif" alt=" $$Q \subseteq (X:QE)$$ " align="middle" border="0"> by the given rules. Those rules do exist, because our consideration could be embedded into the logic of first order language. But, we look for special (h83282843031n066/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">quasi-equationalh83282843031n066/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">) rules. Suitable rules were already established for the (non-functorial) case of partial algebras in Definition 3.1.2 of [27], p. 108, and [28], p. 102. (For the case of total algebras, see [35].) So, one has to translate these rules to the (functorial) language of partial theories h83282843031n066/11225_2005_Article_9260_TeX2GIFIE2.gif" alt=" $$\underline T \in \left| {\underline {\mathcal{T}h} } \right|$$ " align="middle" border="0"> .Surprisingly enough, partial theories can be replaced up to isomorphisms by partial h83282843031n066/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">Daleh83282843031n066/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> monoids (cf. Section 3), which, in the total case are ordinary monoids.Special issue of Studia Logica: h83282843031n066/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">Algebraic Theory of Quasivarietiesh83282843031n066/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> Presented by M. E. Adams, K. V. Adaricheva, W. Dziobiak, and A. V. Kravchenko