抑郁的团体心理治疗

本文研究了团体心理咨询在治疗大学生的抑郁症方面的效果。我们采用的治疗形式是团体心理咨询 ,治疗方法是认知行为疗法 (包括理性情绪疗法 ) ,被试是四名大学生。我们对团体活动的效果采用了多种方法进行评估 ,结果发现 ,团体心理治疗可以有效地减轻大学生的抑郁程度。活动中我们取得了一定的经验 ,但同时也发现了一些问题 ,值得我们做进一步的研究     

The Iatrogenic Effects of Group Intervention for Antisocial Youth: Premature Extrapolations?

Group intervention for antisocial youth has received harsh criticism in recent years. This paper reviews relevant research focused on the influence of contact with delinquent peers on the development of antisocial activity. Also reviewed are studies reporting outcomes of group intervention for antisocial youth. Although a few studies have found iatrogenic effects for group intervention with antisocial youth, the majority have not. Well-developed models of group intervention have produced substantial reductions in youth antisocial activity. We describe one such program, a family-style residential program based on behavioral learning principles, and review outcomes of this program. We conclude that treatment of antisocial youth in groups is feasible and can be effective in reducing delinquent behavior.     

Sex and aggression during rhesus monkey group formation

Observational data from 16 newly formed social groups of rhesus monkeys were analyzed to identify patterns of behavior that correlated with the frequency and intensity of aggression directed toward females. The results revealed significant correlations between heterosexual behavior and female-female noncontact aggression and between female homosexual behavior and female-female contact aggression. The role of female homosexual behavior and its relationship to aggression in the formation of new groups is discussed.     

The introduction of a group of alien mice (Mus musculus L.) into hierarchically organized groups of five male mice

Groups of 3 male or female Mus musculus were introduced into hierarchically organized colonies of 5 male mice for a period of 8 days. The colonies were of 2 kinds; high-level aggressive (HLA), which had been set up 3 days prior to the introduction of the aliens, and low-level aggressive (LLA), which had been established for 21 days before strangers were introduced. Both males and anestrous females were attacked, but males were attacked 5 times more frequently than females. In HLA colonies most of the attacks on the aliens were by the dominant; in LLA colonies there was no difference in the behavior of dominant and subordinate mice toward strangers. Both aggression toward aliens and intracolony aggression declined over the 8 day experimental period. In HLA colonies the dominant mouse mounted females 5 times more frequently than did either his subordinates or male mice in the LLA colonies. In HLA colonies aliens huddled with subordinates to form a single colony with 1 dominant and 7 subordinates. In LLA colonies alien males remained as a discrete group spatially separated in the cage. Female aliens were incorporated into the main colony. In all cases dominant male mice made more attacks on aliens as compared with familiar mice.     

歧视知觉对流动儿童群体幸福感的影响及内部机制

采用整班联系、自愿参与的方式对1350名北京市流动儿童进行问卷调查,考察学业领域和社会生活领域的歧视知觉对流动儿童群体幸福感的影响,以及流动儿童对所在群体的情感认同、认知认同和内群体地位感在这一过程中的影响作用。结果表明:(1)学业领域的歧视知觉对流动儿童的群体幸福感具有非常显著的消极影响;(2)社会生活领域的歧视知觉对流动儿童的群体幸福感也存在一定的消极影响,但其影响效应相对较弱;(3)学业领域的歧视知觉主要通过降低流动儿童对其群体的情感认同和内群体地位感,间接降低其群体幸福感,不存在直接的影响效应;(4)社会生活领域的歧视知觉主要通过内群体地位感的中介效应间接地影响流动儿童的群体幸福感,同时也存在一定的直接影响效应。     

群体决策质量评估方法及其在大学生和社区居民中的应用

社会心理服务体系建设要求用心理学理论和方法开展精细化社会治理, 而在多元主体共商共治的过程中出现了群体决策质量无法得到有效评估的问题。群体决策“过程-结果模型”认为应该从“双过程” (信息加工过程和人际互动过程)和“双结果” (客观结果和主观感受)两个方面综合评估群体决策质量。基于该模型建构的群体决策质量问卷自评法和录像他评法被应用于大学生和社区居民一些真实问题解决的群体决策质量评估。研究结果显示群体决策质量自评问卷效度良好, 适合作为群体决策质量的自评工具; 录像他评法与问卷自评法结果相互印证能够全面地反映群体决策质量, 可应用于更广阔的社会治理领域中。     

略论汉初士人在社会秩序建设中的作用

秦末农民大起义,推翻了秦王朝的残暴统治,打乱了封建统治秩序。汉政权建立后,致力于巩固政权,重建社会秩序,这其间士人群体做出了重要贡献。主要表现在三个方面:其一,建章立制,稳定社会。其二,制定和完善礼仪规范,制约社会成员的行为。其三,教化社会。部分士人入仕后担任政权的中下级官吏,他们在任期间,设立学校,教化民众,消除民众的反抗意识。同时严明法纪,为社会秩序的重建做出了种种努力。     

A RUNS‐TEST ALGORITHM: CONTINGENT REINFORCEMENT AND RESPONSE RUN STRUCTURES

Four rats' choices between two levers were differentially reinforced using a runs‐test algorithm. On each trial, a runs‐test score was calculated based on the last 20 choices. In Experiment 1, the onset of stimulus lights cued when the runs score was smaller than criterion. Following cuing, the correct choice was occasionally reinforced with food, and the incorrect choice resulted in a blackout. Results indicated that this contingency reduced sequential dependencies among successive choice responses. With one exception, subjects' choice rule was well described as biased coin flipping. In Experiment 2, cuing was removed and the reinforcement criterion was changed to a percentile score based on the last 20 reinforced responses. The results replicated those of Experiment 1 in successfully eliminating first‐order dependencies in all subjects. For 2 subjects, choice allocation was approximately consistent with nonbiased coin flipping. These results suggest that sequential dependencies may be a function of reinforcement contingency.     

Increasing response diversity in children with autism

Repetitive and invariant behavior is a diagnostic feature of autism. We implemented a lag reinforcement schedule to increase response diversity for 6 participants with autism aged 6 to 10 years, 4 of whom also received prompting plus additional training. These procedures appeared to increase the variety of building-block structures, demonstrating that an intervention that includes differential reinforcement can increase response diversity for children with an autism spectrum disorder.