A note on the use of goal programming for the multiplicative AHP

The main aim of this paper is to identify the opportunities of utilizing goal programming (GP) in the multiplicative analytic hierarchy process (MAHP). It starts with the issue of weight derivation from judgemental matrices. The use of GP for the weight derivation problem is not new, but GP is viewed in this paper from the perspective of augmenting the capabilities of the widely used row geometric mean method (RGMM) of the logarithmic least squares technique (LLST). Different possible approaches using GP are discussed. It is shown that the formulation of the GP problem can be easily modified to provide the same weights as those of the LLST. While this proposed GP technique is not superior to the RGMM in terms of computational ease or speed, it is quite useful in solving certain other problems of the MAHP, such as interval judgements and missing judgements, which cannot be readily solved by the RGMM. The proposed technique provides extensive scope for utilizing the vast literature on non-linear programming, say, for conducting sensitivity analysis. It also has the potential to be useful to more complicated issues of the MAHP, such as group decision making and interlevel dependence, hitherto little explored areas of the MAHP. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Difficult Terminations in Group Therapy: A Self Psychologically Informed Perspective

In group therapy, terminations that are neither planned nor anticipated are sometimes referred to as difficult. This complex issue of difficult terminations is used as a vehicle to challenge the prevailing, though often unspoken, assumption that the goal of the group therapist is to keep the members in the group. The author presents the notion that the leader needs to maintain a balance between the group as a treatment context, and the goal of that context. The goal of group-as-treatment context is to provide for the therapeutic needs of each individual patient in the group. Self psychology provides a basis for redefining the therapy group as a treatment context. A specific rationale, goal, and process of that redefinition is presented along with illustrative case material. With this understanding, unanticipated terminations can be as readily accepted and understood as ones that are planned. All terminations are viewed as further opportunities to understand how a patient defines his or her sense of self, sense of other, and sense of self with other.     

Group Treatment with Sexually Assaulted Male Veterans: A Year in Review

Rape of men by other men is a form of sexual assault that is incompletely addressed in the literature. As a result, little is known about the treatment interventions that are most effective for this population. We designed and conducted an ongoing process-oriented psychotherapy group for male veterans who were raped while serving in the military and/or sexually assaulted in childhood. Our experience with this group provided us with a better understanding of the behavioral, cognitive, and emotional issues presented by sexually assaulted males. We suggest that group therapy is an effective modality in treating this population.     

Examining Relationships Between Physicians and Their Patients: A Psychoanalytic Model

This is a study of a group of physicians' reflections about their communication with patients. Using an applied psychoanalytic framework for self-inquiry in groups, the authors summarize their findings and provide a model for others to use. They describe their method of conducting and studying three physician groups. The authors identify six essential dynamics within groups and illustrate the dynamics with examples of physician reflections. They summarize further their observations about the composition, dominant themes, and phases of development for each group. The intent of the self-inquiry groups—to clarify physicians' habits and thought patterns about patients—is upheld in the report's conclusion, in which the authors report participants' evaluation of their learning experience. Recommendations are made for analysts to apply the model in work with general physicians.     

The Politicisation of Group Analysis in the 21st Century

At a time of uncertainty and rapid change, little can be predicted with any confidence. We can however note the point reached in dialectical historical processes and recognise the conflicts and contradictions pushing in different directions. We can consider developments in politics, culture, personal relationships and psychotherapy as major dimensions of the context within which we continue to work and which, in the course of our work, we are called on to address.     

The Once and Future Group: Vicissitudes of Belonging

During this century, group therapy has seen extraordinary development and elaboration, with ramifications along a number of axes. Acknowledging that current thinking increasingly recognizes the inherent social nature of human beings, this paper contrasts the growing personal isolation and anonymity which today's growing technocracy represents with the ubiquity and importance of groups in modern society. These are seen as offering, if properly appreciated, the potential for resolution of some contemporary social ills.     

抑郁的团体心理治疗

本文研究了团体心理咨询在治疗大学生的抑郁症方面的效果。我们采用的治疗形式是团体心理咨询 ,治疗方法是认知行为疗法 (包括理性情绪疗法 ) ,被试是四名大学生。我们对团体活动的效果采用了多种方法进行评估 ,结果发现 ,团体心理治疗可以有效地减轻大学生的抑郁程度。活动中我们取得了一定的经验 ,但同时也发现了一些问题 ,值得我们做进一步的研究     

The Iatrogenic Effects of Group Intervention for Antisocial Youth: Premature Extrapolations?

Group intervention for antisocial youth has received harsh criticism in recent years. This paper reviews relevant research focused on the influence of contact with delinquent peers on the development of antisocial activity. Also reviewed are studies reporting outcomes of group intervention for antisocial youth. Although a few studies have found iatrogenic effects for group intervention with antisocial youth, the majority have not. Well-developed models of group intervention have produced substantial reductions in youth antisocial activity. We describe one such program, a family-style residential program based on behavioral learning principles, and review outcomes of this program. We conclude that treatment of antisocial youth in groups is feasible and can be effective in reducing delinquent behavior.     

Sex and aggression during rhesus monkey group formation

Observational data from 16 newly formed social groups of rhesus monkeys were analyzed to identify patterns of behavior that correlated with the frequency and intensity of aggression directed toward females. The results revealed significant correlations between heterosexual behavior and female-female noncontact aggression and between female homosexual behavior and female-female contact aggression. The role of female homosexual behavior and its relationship to aggression in the formation of new groups is discussed.