Distancing oneself from negative attributes and the personal/group discrimination discrepancy

The personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD) refers to greater reporting of discrimination at the group than personal level. We examined whether the PGDD is one example of people's general tendency to distance themselves from negative attributes related to the social categories to which they belong, and whether this tendency varies as a function of ingroup identification. Female undergraduates (n=87) rated the extent to which positive and negative attributes, including being discriminated against, characterized themselves personally and women as a social category. As expected, negative attributes, including discrimination, were more strongly associated with the category than with the self, whereas positive attributes were more strongly associated with the self than with the category. Women who were lower in group identification were especially likely to show these discrepancy effects. The implications for personal and social identity are discussed.     

资本市场中投资者羊群行为的心理机制及其影响因素

资本市场中投资者的羊群行为是资本市场上的一种典型现象,它是指在不确定情境中,投资者在相同时间段内模仿他人进行投资决策的行为。通过比较羊群行为与从众行为发现,两者存在本质区别。目前,大量研究从社会影响、认知机制以及进化机制三个方面深入分析羊群行为的形成原因。此外,研究还发现,情境的不确定性、市场环境、群体内部一致性程度、个体的情绪与动机对投资者的羊群行为都会产生一定的影响。在总结相关研究后发现,羊群行为具有其自身独特的信息加工模式。未来关于羊群行为的研究应该从探索专家羊群行为的信息加工方式,提高研究的外部效度,探索认知神经机制,进行跨文化研究和探讨羊群行为与人格之间的关系等五个方面展开。     

解释水平对品牌联想和品牌延伸评估的影响

由于人们更加关切与其解释水平相匹配的信息、经验和事物, 解释水平能够系统性地影响人们的判断与决策。本研究将解释水平视为重要的调节变量, 探查它对消费者的品牌联想和品牌延伸评估的可能影响。实验一用于检验来源于个体差异的不同解释水平(高与低)的被试, 对于同一品牌是否产生不同形态(原型性与范例性)的品牌联想以及探查它们之间的相对数量关系。实验二采用2(解释水平：高vs.低)×2(契合类型：原型性契合vs.范例性契合)组内和组间因子混合设计, 用于检验基于时间距离的解释水平是否调节契合类型对品牌延伸评估的影响关系。实验研究结果发现：在接触到品牌名称时, 具有高水平解释倾向的消费者, 将比低水平解释倾向的消费者, 呈现更多的原型性联想; 而具有低水平解释倾向的消费者, 将比高水平解释倾向的消费者, 呈现更多的范例性联想; 在低水平解释条件下, 消费者对范例性契合延伸产品的评估要好于对原型性契合延伸产品的评估; 而在高水平解释条件下, 消费者对原型性契合延伸产品的评估要好于对范例性契合延伸产品的评估。     

The influence of experiences of discrimination on psychological stress: a comparison of seven immigrant groups

The aim of this study was to compare experiences of discrimination and their influence on trust in authorities and psychological distress among immigrants in Finland. A sample of 1146 immigrants, aged between 20 and 36 and representing seven immigrant groups (Russians, Ingrian/Finnish returnees, Estonians, Somalis, Arabs, Vietnamese and Turks), answered a mailed questionnaire based on traditional acculturation research as well as victim research. In accordance with our expectations, discrimination experiences in various realms of life were highly predictive of the psychological well‐being of all immigrants, as well as of lack of trust in the Finnish authorities. However, contrary to our hypotheses regarding the effects of visibility and cultural proximity, group differences in psychological distress did not correspond to the group differences observed in perceived discrimination. These results are discussed in the light of the opposing predictions concerning self‐damage effects of discrimination, made by social identity theory on the one hand and the theory on self‐protecting functions of external attributions (Crocker and Major, 1989) on the other. It is concluded that the low level of stress observed in the most visible and most culturally distant group, despite high levels of perceived discrimination, is better explained by the latter than the former. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.