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871.
Research has shown that cognitive processes like the attribution of hostile intention or angry emotion to others contribute
to the development and maintenance of conduct problems. However, the role of memory has been understudied in comparison with
attribution biases. The aim of this study was thus to test if a memory bias for angry faces was related to conduct problems
in youth. Adolescents from a junior secondary school were presented with angry and happy faces and were later asked to recognize
the same faces with a neutral expression. They also completed an impulsivity questionnaire. A teacher assessed their behavior.
The results showed that a better recognition of angry faces than happy faces predicted conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention
as reported by the teacher. The memory bias effect was more pronounced for impulsive adolescents. It is suggested that a memory
bias for angry faces favors disruptive behavior but that a good ability to control impulses may moderate the negative impact
of this bias. 相似文献
872.
Hispanics have become the largest minority group in the United States. Hispanic children typically come from working class homes with parents who have limited English language skills and educational training. This presents challenges to psychologists who assess these children using traditional IQ tests because of the considerable verbal and academic (e.g., quantitative) content. Some researchers have suggested that intelligence conceptualized on the basis of psychological processes may have utility for assessment of children from culturally and linguistically diverse populations because verbal and quantitative skills are not included. This study examined Hispanic children's performance on the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS; [Naglieri, J.A., and Das, J.P. (1997). Cognitive Assessment System. Itasca, IL: Riverside.]) which is based on the Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive (PASS) theory of intelligence. The scores of Hispanic (N = 244) and White (N = 1956) children on the four PASS processes were obtained and the respective correlations between PASS and achievement compared. Three complementary sampling methodologies and data analysis strategies were chosen to compare the Ethnic groups. Sample size was maximized using nationally representative groups and demographic group differences were minimized using smaller matched samples. Small differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic children were found when ability was measured with tests of basic PASS processes. In addition, the correlation between the PASS constructs and achievement were substantial for both Hispanic and non-Hispanic children and were not significantly different between the groups. 相似文献
873.
The Zahlen–Verbindungs-Test (ZVT) represents a highly feasible measure of information-processing speed that correlates quite highly with standard psychometric tests of intelligence. The present study was designed to identify specific stages of the sensorimotor processing system that may account for individual differences in overall variability of ZVT performance. For this purpose, ZVT, reaction time (RT), lateralized readiness potential (LRP), and electromyogram (EMG) measures were obtained in 48 female participants. While faster RT, smaller intraindividual variability in RT, shorter response-locked LRP and EMG latencies were associated with superior ZVT performance, speed of stimulus analysis, as reflected by stimulus-locked LRP latency, was unrelated to ZVT performance. Additional commonality analyses suggested a functional relationship between ZVT performance and the time course of central aspects of response organization rather than the time required for execution of the overt motor response. These findings provide converging evidence for the general notion of an association between speed of motor processing and intelligence. 相似文献
874.
An Information Processing Theory of Ambivalence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper analyzes the sources of ambivalence toward political parties and candidates. We propose and test an information-processing theory of ambivalence in which systematic processing is hypothesized to heighten partisan and candidate ambivalence. We show that ambivalence is linked to several dispositional sources of systematic processing, including individuals' information, motivation, and cognitive style. Specifically, we find that ambivalence tends to be greater among the well informed and those who are high in need for cognition while it tends to be lower among those motivated by directional goals. Collectively, our results suggest that levels of partisan and candidate ambivalence are greatest among those most likely to engage in effortful processing of information and that these effects are independent of value conflict. The results further suggest that the effects of effortful processing on ambivalence are moderated by attitude commitment. 相似文献
875.
The stress of care giving for spouses and adult children has been extensively documented in the empirical literature. More recently attention has been paid to children's involvement in family care giving. Qualitative studies in the social welfare field have highlighted the social restrictions caring places upon children. There remains a need, however, to understand what children are thinking and feeling in an effort to cope with their care-giving demands. This study used a focus group methodology and individual interviews to explore the experiences of 17 young carers aged between 10 and 16. Thematic analysis was employed to identify themes relating to the nature of stressors, their appraisal of them, and the coping strategies they use to manage the task of caring. 相似文献
876.
动态视觉加工与儿童汉字阅读 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
使用视觉阈限测验、图片命名、字形相似性判断实验和语音意识等测验 ,考察了小学五年级儿童视觉加工技能与汉字阅读之间的关系。结果发现 :动态视觉加工与图片命名错误率、字形判断反应时和错误率、语音意识均有显著相关 ,静态视觉加工只与图片命名错误率相关显著 ;控制识字量后的偏相关分析显示 ,动态视觉加工与其他变量的相关关系不变 ,静态视觉加工与图片命名错误率的相关不再显著 ;回归分析发现动态视觉加工在识字量和语音意识的影响控制后 ,能够分别解释阅读流畅性、字形判断反应时和图片命名错误率 7%、2 5 %和 5 6 %的变化 ;语音意识能够解释识字量和阅读流畅性 9%和 10 %的变化 ;对差读者的动态视觉加工和语音意识分析发现 ,儿童在这两种测验上的个体差异很大。上述结果表明 ,阅读过程受基本知觉技能影响 ,动态视觉加工作用于汉字阅读的特定过程。 相似文献
877.
认知年老化与执行衰退假说 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
在认知年老化领域,执行衰退假说是近年来新兴的一种理论。执行衰退假说在理论上具有很强的吸引力,但在实证研究中却存在很多困难,如执行功能的可分离性问题,执行功能测量的信度和效度问题,以及执行功能与加工速度的关系问题。目前,该领域研究的焦点是:在行为学水平上,控制一般性因素(加工速度)后,执行功能是否仍对认知年老化起重要的中介作用;在神经水平上,执行(额叶)功能随龄的变化情况,以及在认知年老化过程中,额叶在大脑功能重组中扮演的角色。最终实现对认知年老化的理解,需要将认知功能与大脑结构联系起来;既看到广泛存在的共同的基本机制,又不能忽略不同认知结构的选择性变化。 相似文献
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