生产型企业的工作自主性:概念、测量与相关研究

工作自主性作为工作特征的关键指标,是指员工在工作方法、工作安排和工作标准上能自行控制与自行决定的程度;包括方法自主、安排自主和标准自主三方面,分别构成工作自主性量表的三个测量维度.诸多实证研究及相关研究综述表明,工作自主性对员工的工作态度和工作绩效等结果变量具有显著效应.同时,工作自主性对其他变量之间的关系具有调节作用.今后应多开展在中国情景中的验证性研究及干预性实验研究.     

人事选拔决策过程的匹配评价研究: 基于策略捕捉技术

传统的人事选拔是以胜任力或者说是人－职匹配为基础的,即强调基于胜任力,但研究者和实践者们越来越多的强调人－组织匹配在人事选拔中的重要性,即强调人事选拔过程中招募者匹配评价的多维性。本研究通过实验运用策略捕捉技术,检验多种职位特征和不同层次的匹配评价对选拔雇佣结果的影响。通过HLM分析结果发现四种匹配类型需要－供给匹配、要求－能力匹配、个性匹配和价值观匹配对雇佣决策都有显著的独立主效应,招募者在长期招募比短期招募中更多依靠个性匹配来评价应聘者,招募者在对管理类职位更多依靠价值匹配来进行评价,而对专业类职位则更多依靠要求－能力匹配进行评价。     

The dimensionality of counterproductivity: Are all counterproductive behaviors created equal?

Most studies of counterproductive work behavior (CWB) assess it as one or two overall dimensions that might obscure relationships of potential antecedents with more specific forms of behavior. A finer-grained analysis of the relationship between counterproductive work behavior and antecedents was conducted with the five-subscales (abuse toward others, production deviance, sabotage, theft, and withdrawal) taken from the 45-item Counterproductive Work Behavior Checklist, a measure that has been used in a number of prior studies. Described is the rationale for each of the five dimensions, which have been discussed individually in the literature. Data from three combined studies provide evidence for differential relationships with potential antecedents that suggest the use of more specific subscales to assess CWB. Most notably, abuse and sabotage were most strongly related to anger and stress, theft was unrelated to emotion, and withdrawal was associated with boredom and being upset. Finally, the distinct forms of CWB may suggest distinct underlying dynamics, that vary in their balance of hostile and instrumental motivational systems.     

Development and Validation of an Instrument for the Assessment of Dependency Among Bereaved Persons

Dependency among bereaved individuals has been hypothesized to be an important predictor of severe and enduring grief reactions. However, although there are a number of instruments that assess interpersonal dependency as a personality trait or style, no scales are available to assess bereavement-related dependency. Data from 170 widowed participants in a community-based longitudinal investigation, who had been bereaved for an average of 10.8 months, were used to investigate the reliability and validity of the Bereavement Dependency Scale (BDS), an instrument that was developed to assess dependency on the deceased among bereaved persons. Results indicated that the BDS demonstrated acceptable internal reliability and satisfactory convergent, discriminant, and construct validity. The BDS may be a clinically useful predictor of enduring and complicated grief reactions, major depressive disorder, and suicidality among recently bereaved individuals.     

关于急诊医生的临床思维方法

急诊医学是一门新兴的综合学科,它涉及的范围很广.急诊患者具有急、危、重、难等特点,并要求在较短的时间内必须做出正确的判断.因此,严谨的临床思维方式和科学的逻辑思维方式,是每位急诊医生必需的训练.介绍急诊临床思维的特点,以及系统思维在急诊常见病诊治中应用的一些经验体会.     

濒死体验研究的认识论

在濒死体验研究中,有两条认识路线:唯物主义与唯心主义.唯物主义导致科学医学,唯心主义导致灵学医学.前者研究其组成和机制,分析其文化、生物学特点及心理动力学.后者则陷入对人死复生的证明,美其名为生命之后的生命.     

护士工作应激与倦怠的关系

依据Maslach等的理论构想,利用中式工作倦怠量表和工作应激问卷,通过对175名护士的调查,考察工作应激与倦怠之间的关系。结果表明,奖赏不足和价值观冲突对耗竭具有显著的预测作用;工作负荷、缺乏控制和共同体瓦解对人格解体具有显著的预测作用;共同体瓦解对成就感降低具有显著的预测作用。     

Parental reactions to the loss of an infant child: A review

This article examines methodological problems, and describes and evaluates commonly explored variables regarding research on the effect of an infant's death on the family. The components of parents' and siblings' grief reactions, and the similarities and differences in parental grief are reviewed. The research shows marked differences between mothers' and fathers' reactions--the grief reactions in mothers being stronger and more prolonged. Different explanations for this are put forward. The effect of different types of loss as well as the effect of the child's life span before death are also reviewed and discussed. Further knowledge is needed to single out the influence of these factors' on the families' reactions. It is concluded that the death of an infant makes the family prone to develop short-term and/or long-term problems in their adaptation to the loss. An integrated effort by health professionals is needed to develop systematic ways of helping families to cope with the death of a child.     

Reducing work/home conflicts in employed couples: A proposed program to balance job and family demands

Work/home conflict is a dominant stress for workers in industrialized countries, particularly in dual-employment families. Interindividual (husband/wife) and interrole (work/home) conflicts in such families are a unique source of stress and adversely affect family and marital relationships as well as performance at work. Neither family therapy nor the stress literature have reported any interventions directed specifically at reducing work/home conflicts in employed couples or parents, although many workplaces today offer stress prevention programs aimed at individual workers. This paper discusses the underlying theoretical rationale for a marital enhancement intervention currently being developed for prevention of distress associated with work/home conflicts. The program combines marital enrichment and training principles with stress management techniques and aims at reinforcing shared coping resources. It focuses on four main variables associated with interpersonal processes: unrealistic expectations based on irrational beliefs, social undermining, shared decision control, and social support.