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671.
This study uses a combined categorical-dimensional approach to depict a hierarchical framework for consciousness similar to, and contiguous with, factorial models of cognition (cf., intelligence). On the basis of the longstanding definition of time consciousness, the analysis employs a dimension of temporal extension, in the same manner that psychology has temporally organised memory (i.e., short-term, long-term, and long-lasting memories). By defining temporal extension in terms of the structure of time perception at short timescales (<100 s), memory and time consciousness are proposed to fit along the same logarithmic dimension. This suggests that different forms of time consciousness (e.g., experience, wakefulness, and self-consciousness) are embedded within, or supported by, the ascending timescales of different modes of memory (i.e., short-term, long-term, etc.). A secondary dimension is also proposed to integrate higher-order forms of consciousness/emotion and memory/cognition. The resulting two-dimensional structure accords with existing theories of cognitive and emotional intelligence. 相似文献
672.
We aimed to distinguish electrophysiological signatures of visual awareness from other task-related processes through manipulating the level of processing of visual stimuli. During an event-related EEG experiment, 36 subjects performed either color (low-level condition) or magnitude (high-level condition) evaluations of masked digits. Participants also assessed subjective visibility of each stimulus using the Perceptual Awareness Scale (PAS). Mean amplitude of the components of interest was analyzed (VAN − 140–240 ms; LP − 380–480 ms) with weighted regression mixed model. In the VAN component time window the mean amplitude correlated with PAS rating in both conditions. Mean amplitude in the LP time window correlated with PAS ratings in the high-level condition, but not in the low-level condition. Our results support the temporal unfolding of ERP makers of conscious processing, with an early component reflecting the initial perceptual experience and a late component being a correlate of the conscious experience of non-perceptual information. 相似文献
673.
Paul Sheldon Davies 《Ratio》2019,32(4):275-289
To ‘Darwinize’ a debunking argument is to broaden and thereby strengthen it in ways inspired by Charles Darwin. It is to employ Darwinian strategies that converge on the conclusion that certain putative phenomena – the reality of stance‐independent moral properties, for instance – are illusory or epistemically problematic for animals like us. The aim of this essay is to defend one such strategy and illustrate its power relative to most evolutionary debunking arguments currently on offer. 相似文献
674.
Timothy O’Connor 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2018,13(3):394
In his review of the trio of philosopher-scientist dialogues on the nature and capacities of the human mind, Paul Thagard (2018) advocates clearly and forcefully for a fairly extreme position, which he advances as preferable to an equally extreme alternative. I will suggest a middle path that becomes attractive when one attends not just to the range of data now pouring forth from the sciences of mind but also to our own experience as minded individuals. 相似文献
675.
杨足仪 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2008,29(3):35-37
世界上究竟有没有“心”、“心”是什么、心与身的关系如何,这一直是医学与心理学的基本问题。随着科学的发展和认识的深化,经由语言学的心灵剥离、科学主义的心灵放逐、实证科学的心灵祛魅,古老神秘的灵魂不断地“祛魅”,心理的本质得到了还原与澄清,灵魂问题亦演变为心理问题、心脑问题,而心灵哲学也正朝着自然化的方向重建。 相似文献
676.
医患认知差异的因素分析与调适研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
尚鹤睿 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2008,29(8)
医患认知差异是指医生与患者在诊疗过程中对同一事实和现象的认知之间的差异、矛盾与对立,它是导致医患冲突的深层次诱因。从传统生物医学模式的制约、医忘双方社会角色意识的差异以及医患个体心理特征的差异三方面分析了医患认知差异产生的原因,并从转变角色意识、相互理解和配合、有效的双向沟通以及尊重双方的人格和权利几方面提出了化解矛盾、认知趋同的措施。 相似文献
677.
Regina Pally 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2007,88(4):861-881
Neuroscience indicates that 'repetition' is fundamental to brain function. The brain non-consciously predicts what is most likely to happen and sets in motion perceptions, emotions, behaviors and interpersonal responses best adapted to what is expected-before events occur. Predictions enable individuals to be ready 'ahead of time' so reactions occur rapidly and smoothly when events occur. The brain uses past learning as the guide for what to expect in the future. Because of prediction, present experience and responses are shaped by the past. Predictions from early life can be deeply encoded and enduring. Predictions based on the past allow for more efficient brain function in the present, but can lead to mistakes. When what is predicted does not occur, consciousness can be engaged to monitor and correct the situation. But if a perception or emotion seems reasonable for the situation, a person might not notice an error, and a maladaptive 'repetition' may remain unchanged. The author discusses how predictions contribute to psychological defenses and transference repetition, and how conscious self-reflection facilitates therapeutic change. The neuroscience of prediction indicates why, in certain cases, active engagement by the analyst may be necessary. The author makes the argument for use of a 'neuroscience interpretation'. 相似文献
678.
Our goal in this paper is to provide enough of an account of the origins of cognitive ethology and the controversy surrounding
it to help ethicists to gauge for themselves how to balance skepticism and credulity about animal minds when communicating
with scientists. We believe that ethicists’ arguments would benefit from better understanding of the historical roots of ongoing
controversies. It is not appropriate to treat some widely reported results in animal cognition as if their interpretations
are a matter of scientific consensus. It is especially important to understand why loose references to “cognitive ethology”
by philosophers can signal ignorance of the field to scientists who are more deeply immersed in the relevant literature. Understanding
the variety of approaches to cognitive phenomena in animals is essential if such capacities are to form the foundation of
scientifically-informed ethical reasoning about animals. 相似文献
679.
Sharn Waldron 《Journal of religion and health》2007,46(1):85-98
In this paper I have suggested that the mother–child dyad is the foundation for integrity between the psychic self and the
physical self, and the capacity of these to relate to the external environment. I have also argued that the development of
language and symbol are creative agents in the development of consciousness in the young infant, and that the emergence of
language and symbol are an expression of the opening of a potential space which allows differentiation from the mother and
facilitates the infant’s ability to distinguish fantasy from fact and self from other.
Sharn Waldron is a psychotherapist residing and working in Suffolk, England and is a registered member with the UKCP through
the Forum for Independent Psychotherapists. She has contributed numerous papers for international psychotherapeutic journals,
is a contributor to Pear’s Cyclopedia and writes freelance for Penguin and the National Health Service in the United Kingdom. 相似文献
680.
“知道自己知道,知道自己不知道”,这种“元认知”能力被看成是人类最复杂的认知能力之一;目前学者们对人类的元认知能力进行了比较深入地研究,这时人们不禁会问:这种普遍存在于人类身上的基本认知能力,在动物身上是否也同样存在呢?一些学者做了实验研究加以考察,并提出两个相反的观点;这个领域的研究也在这样的争论中不断发展,通过对动物元认知模式的研究,科学家可以回答这一问题并试图描绘出动物进化的图谱,以及认知因素在物种进化中的作用,更重要的是,它为我们从物种学角度探讨意识和自我意识的起源提供了很好的思考角度。 相似文献