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891.
892.
Faceted Thesauri 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The basic elements of faceted thesauri are described, together with a review of their origins and some prominent examples.
Their use in browsing and searching applications is discussed. Faceted thesauri are distinguished from faceted classification
schemes, while acknowledging the close similarities. The paper concludes by comparing faceted thesauri and related knowledge
organization systems to ontologies and discussing appropriate areas of use. 相似文献
893.
Claudio Gnoli 《Axiomathes》2008,18(2):177-192
Facets and general categories used in bibliographic classification have been based on a disciplinary organization of knowledge.
However, facets and categories of phenomena independent from disciplines can be identified similarly. Phenomena can be classified
according to a series of integrative levels (layers), which in turn can be grouped into the major strata of form, matter,
life, mind, society and culture, agreeing with Nicolai Hartmann’s ontology. Unlike a layer, a stratum is not constituted of
elements of the lower ones; rather, it represents the formal pattern of the lower ones, like the horse hoof represents the
shape of the steppe. Bibliographic categories can now be seen in the light of level theory: some categories are truly general,
while others only appear at a given level, being the realization of a general category in the specific context of the level:
these are the facets of that level. In the notation of the Integrative Level Classification project, categories and facets
are represented by digits, and displayed in a Web interface with the help of colours. 相似文献
894.
In this paper, we present a Capabilities-based Approach to the acceptability and the tolerability of risks posed by natural and man-made hazards. We argue that judgments about the acceptability and/or tolerability of such risks should be based on an evaluation of the likely societal impact of potential hazards, defined in terms of the expected changes in the capabilities of individuals. Capabilities refer to the functionings, or valuable doings and beings, individuals are able to achieve given available personal, material, and social resources. The likely impact of a hazard on individuals' capabilities should, we argue, be compared against two separate thresholds. The first threshold specifies the minimum level of capabilities attainment that is acceptable in principle for individuals to have in the aftermath of a hazard over any period of time. This threshold captures the level that individuals' capabilities ideally should not fall below. A risk is acceptable if the probability that the attained capabilities will be less than the acceptable level is sufficiently small. In practice, it can be tolerable for some individuals to temporarily fall below the acceptable threshold, provided this situation of lower capabilities attainment is temporary, reversible, and the probability that capabilities will fall below a tolerability threshold is sufficiently small. This second, tolerable threshold delimits an absolute minimum level of capabilities attainment below which no individual in a society should ever fall, regardless of whether that level of capabilities attainment is temporary or reversible. In this paper, we describe and justify this Capabilities-based Approach to the acceptability and tolerability of risks. We argue that the proposed theoretical framework avoids the limitations in current approaches to acceptable risk. The proposed approach focuses the attention of risk analysts directly on what should be our primary concern when judging the acceptability and the tolerability of risks, namely, how risks impact the well-being of individuals in a society. Also, our Capabilities-based Approach offers a transparent, easily communicable way for determining the acceptability and the tolerability of risks. 相似文献
895.
Veysel Ylmaz H. Eray elik 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》2008,11(4):233-241
There exist a good many scientific studies into risk-taking and risky behavior displayed by reckless drivers; however, there are only a few studies into attitudes towards the traffic displayed by candidate drivers. The present study aims to investigate the dimensionality of candidate attitudes’ drivers. Data were collected from questionnaire completed by 258 candidate drivers, and were divided into two sets. The first data was used to explore the underlying factor structure and five latent factors were derived; Factor A Attitude towards drinking and driving; Factor P positive attitude toward traffic; Factor S speeding; Factor T traffic flow vs. rule obedience; and Factor R risky candidate driver’s attitude. The second data set was used to confirm this factorial structure using confirmatory factor analysis. The fit indices showed that the model fitted the data well. 相似文献
896.
Fantino E 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2008,89(1):125-127
Behavior analysis has been thriving by continuing to make important theoretical and empirical contributions to a wide array of problems, as well as by contributing to interdisciplinary research. Applied research in behavior analysis is flourishing. Despite these positive signs there may be an erosion of support for basic research in animal learning and behavior, including behavior analysis. Increased attention by behavior analysts to fundamental problems in areas of cognition, including decision-making and language, may help behavior analysis to evolve more successfully. An experimental analysis of gambling may prove particularly fruitful. 相似文献
897.
An Invitation to Behavior Analysts: Review of in Search of Memory: The Emergence of A New Science of Mind by Eric R. Kandel 下载免费PDF全文
Francis Mechner 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2008,90(2):235-248
This fascinating autobiography and multifaceted case history in neuroscience research is accessible to laymen and potentially instructive to working scientists. Kandel takes the reader through his thought processes as he describes experiments that led to some of the past decades'' major neuroscience discoveries (some highlights of which are summarized in the review''s Appendix), and eventually to his Nobel Prize. The review analyzes some of the terminological and conceptual issues that have often inhibited communication between behavior analysts and neuroscientists, with special attention to some of Bennett and Hacker''s admonitions viewed from the perspective of language evolution and linguistics. The review then discusses opportunities for behavior analysts to collaborate with neuroscientists by applying behavioral contingency analysis to help specify the independent variables of neuroscience experiments described by Kandel. Finally, it examines Kandel''s provocative heuristics for locating important research problems, and the lessons that can be gleaned from the book regarding the attributes of potentially great achievers. 相似文献
898.
The Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior at fifty 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Laties VG 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2008,89(1):95-109
The Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior was founded in 1958 by a group of male psychologists, mainly from the northeastern USA and connected with either Harvard or Columbia. Fifty years later about 20% of both editors and authors reside outside this country and almost the same proportion is made up of women. Other changes in the journal include having its own website for more than a decade and now publishing online as well as on paper. A recent connection with PubMed Central of the National Library of Medicine has made possible the completely free electronic presentation of the entire archive of about 3,800 articles. 相似文献
899.
J. L. Dowell 《Philosophical Studies》2008,140(1):19-46
Frank Jackson has argued that only if we have a priori knowledge of the extension-fixers for many of our terms can we vindicate
the methodological practice of relying on intuitions to decide between philosophical theories. While there has been much discussion
of Jackson’s claim that we have such knowledge, there has been comparatively little discussion of this most powerful argument
for that claim. Here I defend an alternative explanation of our intuitions about possible cases, one that does not rely on
a priori extension-fixers. This alternative explanation provides a vindication of our reliance on intuitions, while blocking
Jackson’s abductive argument for a priori semantic knowledge. In brief, I argue that we should regard our armchair intuitions
as providing an important, a priori source of evidence for hypotheses about the contents of our implicit referential policies
with regard to our terms. But all such hypotheses have a potential falsifier that is only discoverable empirically. In other
words, gold-standard evidence for such hypotheses is always empirical.
相似文献
J. L. DowellEmail: |
900.
Selection of Variables in Cluster Analysis: An Empirical Comparison of Eight Procedures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Eight different variable selection techniques for model-based and non-model-based clustering are evaluated across a wide range
of cluster structures. It is shown that several methods have difficulties when non-informative variables (i.e., random noise)
are included in the model. Furthermore, the distribution of the random noise greatly impacts the performance of nearly all
of the variable selection procedures. Overall, a variable selection technique based on a variance-to-range weighting procedure
coupled with the largest decreases in within-cluster sums of squares error performed the best. On the other hand, variable
selection methods used in conjunction with finite mixture models performed the worst. 相似文献