To be kind or not to be kind: The moderating role of self-compassion in the relationship between general resourcefulness and academic self-regulation

We investigated whether the relationship between students’ general resourcefulness and academic self-regulation changes as a function of self-compassion. A predominantly female sample of 196 undergraduates completed inventories assessing these and other measures. The significant moderating effect of self-compassion revealed that the positive relationship between general resourcefulness and academic self-regulation was stronger for participants scoring low in self-compassion than high in self-compassion. For those low in self-compassion, scoring low in general resourcefulness was associated with the lowest academic self-regulation, whereas scoring high in general resourcefulness was associated with the greatest academic self-regulation. The positive relationship between general and academic self-regulation was attenuated for participants high in self-compassion, with predicted scores for academic self-regulation falling in between the two values described for the low self-compassion function. Implications of the findings are discussed, including the potential value of incorporating self-compassion training alongside programs aimed at increasing general resourcefulness and academic self-regulation.     

小学低年级学生对陌生形声字的语音提取

对小学低年级学生对陌生形声字的语音提取进行了研究。实验1表明,字频、声旁位置、声旁与整字音段的关系影响小学二年级学生对陌生形声字的语音提取。高频字的命名成绩好于低频字,声旁在右的形声字命名成绩好于声旁在左的形声字,声旁与整字音段相同的形声字命名成绩好于声旁与整字音段部分相同或完全不同的形声字,体现了“规则效应”。语文水平也影响被试对陌生形声字的语音提取。小学生对左右结构的陌生形声字的语音提取策略按使用频率依次为：读半边、部件重组、整字形似、部件形似、词汇联拼、部件意义联想、整字意义联想、部件词汇联拼。实验2结果表明,当陌生形声字的形旁不可命名时,小学一年级学生对整字的命名更倾向于利用声旁信息。形声字声旁在右时,利用可单独命名的声旁命名整字的可能性更大。当形旁可命名时．声旁的语音线索与形旁的语音线索存在竞争。     

Effects of the contingency for homework submission on homework submission and quiz performance in a college course

Effects of the contingency for submission of homework assignments on the probability of assignment submission and on quiz grades were assessed in an undergraduate psychology course. Under an alternating treatments design, each student was assigned to a points condition for 5 of 10 quiz-related homework assignments corresponding to textbook chapters. Points were available for homework submission under this condition; points were not available under the no-points condition. The group-mean percentage of homework assignments submitted and quiz grades were higher for all chapters under the points condition than in the no-points condition. These findings, which were replicated in Experiment 2, demonstrate that homework submission was not maintained when the only consequences were instructor-provided feedback and expectation of improved quiz performance.     

不同学段、年级学生对教师评价行为知觉的特点

学生对教师评价行为的知觉指学生对教师指向他们的评价行为的主观感受和体验,包括“明确目标”、“收集信息”、“反馈改进”、“关注过程”、“激励期望”和“沟通理解”等六个维度,前三个方面属于操作要素,后三个方面属于基础要素.本研究采用问卷法,选取小学四年级到初中三年级共746名学生作为研究对象,探讨了不同学段、年级学生对教师评价行为知觉的特点.研究结果表明:除了“激励期望”和“沟通理解”两个维度,小学生在其它维度上对教师评价行为的知觉优于初中生.小学生对教师评价行为的知觉不存在年级差异.初一学生在操作要素方面的知觉优于初二和初三学生,在基础要素方面优于初二学生.初二学生对教师评价行为的知觉出现明显的消极化倾向,在基础要素上初一和初三学生的知觉显现明显的反弹.本文对研究结果的教育意义进行了探讨.     

职务评价的方差分析法在制定职务等级中的应用

职务评价的方差分析法的技术核心是通过方差分析确定职务可比价值各成分的权重。此方法的有效性和实用性已在协助国有企业内部分配改革的制定工资标准中得到验证,并显示其普遍性的方法论意义：职务评价值是职务价值的线性映射：凡涉及职务价值差异的问题都可用此方法解决。本研究应用方差分析法为国有金融系统行员制改革中制定统一的职务等级标准提供技术支持和科学依据。评价程序中,职务分析、职务分类、计算职务评价值等前三个步骤与制定工资标准的作法相同。然后,推算各类职务评价值的变异范围（以９５％置信区间代表）,再将各类职务按管理层次合并为大类。最后,寻求一个合理划分各管理层次大类变异范围的约数,划分整个评价值变异范围。对某银行系统４５２种职务的８４１个样本评价的结果,所确定的职务等级数、各职务大类的等级跨度、位次,都符合该银行系统的人事管理经验及改革设想     

敦煌写本《无量寿观经义记》和《无量寿经义记》考论

仅存于敦煌写卷中的《无量寿观经义记》和《无量寿经义记》,虽然在半个多世纪以前曾引起日本学者的注意,但至今尚无人对此二义记作深入的探讨。本文对它们的时代和撰者作了考证,修正了日本学者望月信亨先生认为它们皆为隋释灵裕所撰的观点;净土往生者的阶位判属问题是二义记的主要的思想内容,阐明其特点对于全面而正确地认识弥陀净土教理的演进史是非常有价值的,故本文对它们的思想特点也作了论述。     

Socioeconomic status and school grades: Placing their association in broader context in a sample of biological and adoptive families

SES has long interested researchers investigating school achievement. Its effects are often addressed by studying predictors of achievement in economically disadvantaged samples living primarily in biological families, confounding genetic and environmental influences. Little is known about SES's purely environmental effects. We measured them in 617 adoptive and biological families, adjusting for sample restriction of SES range. Controlling for gender, parenting, parental expectations for educational attainment (PEEA), IQ, engagement in school, and genetic and shared environmental influences on sibling pairs, SES still made a small but significant nonshared environmental contribution to school grades. IQ, PEEA, and SES had collinear associations with school grades, as did engagement and parenting. The associations of IQ and engagement with school grades were largely independent of each other. The link between PEEA and IQ was stronger in adoptive than biological offspring. We discuss the implications of these findings.     

Psychosocial factors and reading difficulties: students with reading difficulties drawn from a representative population sample

In a representative sample of 2,464 Norwegian adolescents, aged 12-15 years, 7.8% (n= 191) reported reading difficulties (RD). No gender difference was found. Adolescents with RD were compared to classmates on psychosocial variables. In univariate analysis, RD adolescents report higher levels of depressive symptoms, more school stress, worried more about going to school, had lower school grades and lower attachment to parents than those without RD. They also scored lower on Global Self-worth and on Social Acceptance scales. Further, they reported reduced levels of psycho-functioning during the previous year because of mental health problems, they had received more help and had used more medication for such problems. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, receiving help for mental health problems and reduced psycho-functioning showed the strongest associations with student RD status. No gender interactions were found. The study demonstrated important differences between adolescents with and without RD.     

The impact of hope, self-esteem, and attributional style on adolescents’ school grades and emotional well-being: A longitudinal study

We examined the distinctiveness of three “positive thinking” variables (self-esteem, trait hope, and positive attributional style) in predicting future high school grades, teacher-rated adjustment, and students’ reports of their affective states. Seven hundred eighty-four high school students (382 males and 394 females; 8 did not indicate their gender) completed Time 1 measures of verbal and numerical ability, positive thinking, and indices of emotional well-being (positive affect, sadness, fear, and hostility), and Time 2 measures of hope, self-esteem, and emotional well-being. Multi-level random coefficient modelling revealed that each positive thinking variable was distinctive in some contexts but not others. Hope was a predictor of positive affect and the best predictor of grades, negative attributional style was the best predictor of increases in hostility and fear, and low self-esteem was the best predictor of increases in sadness. We also found that sadness at Time 1 predicted decreases in self-esteem at Time 2. The results are discussed with reference to the importance of positive thinking for building resilience.