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221.
Van Gucht D Vansteenwegen D Beckers T Van den Bergh O 《Behaviour research and therapy》2008,46(3):375-391
Unlike in fear conditioning, little attention has been devoted to extinction and renewal in appetitive conditioning, despite its relevance for extinction-based addiction treatments. We developed a paradigm, using a specific tray as a conditioned stimulus (CS) for eating chocolate (unconditioned stimulus, US), to investigate the effects of context change on acquisition and extinction of conditioned chocolate craving using an ABA renewal design. In Study 1 (n=32), participants successfully acquired chocolate craving, but unlike what is commonly observed in fear conditioning, craving did not extinguish. In Study 2, we separately assessed craving and US expectancy in a between-subjects design (n=64). US-expectancy data showed acquisition, extinction and renewal in the ABA group. The craving data did not follow this pattern, suggesting different mechanisms for craving and US expectancy. Similarities and differences between craving and US expectancy, as well as practical implications, are discussed. 相似文献
222.
执行功能子成分与学业成就的关系 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
目的:探讨执行功能三个子成分(抑制功能、转换功能和信息刷新功能)与学业成就的关系。方法:采用认知任务对85名大学生的执行功能子成分进行测量,并进行执行功能子成分的Stroop效应、转换任务效应及信息刷新任务效应对学业成就的逐步回归分析。结果:抑制子功能的Stroop效应及信息刷新子功能的任务效应对学业成就具有负向预测作用,两者共同解释学业成就变异的15.1%。其中,抑制子功能的Stroop效应预测作用最大,可解释学业成就变异的8.5%。结论:执行功能抑制子功能的Stroop效应及信息刷新子功能的任务效应可作为学业成就的预测因子。 相似文献
223.
Lucas Couto de Carvalho Letícia dos Santos Alceu Regaço Kalliu Carvalho Couto Deisy das Graças de Souza João Claudio Todorov 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2020,114(3):291-307
Coordinated responses of 5 dyads of rats were investigated under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of mutual water reinforcement. Coordinated responding was defined as 2 consecutive lever-presses, 1 from each of 2 rats, occurring <.5 s apart. In the FR schedules, each coordinated episode was defined as 1 response in the FR sequence. The size of FR schedules was parametrically manipulated assuming the values of FR 1, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 50, and 9, in this order. Each FR remained in effect until responding reached stability. Under all conditions, pairs of rats received access to water simultaneously (mutual reinforcement). Rates and proportions of coordinated responding showed a bitonic inverted U-shaped function of ratio size. Postreinforcement pauses increased systematically as the interreinforcement interval increased. Local rates and proportions increased as a function of response location within ratios. Results of a control condition with relaxed temporal constraints for mutual reinforcement showed decreases in rates and proportion of coordinated responses, suggesting that the coordinated responses were controlled by the mutual reinforcement contingencies. The present experiment showed that coordinated responding is quantitatively affected by 3 properties of FR schedules: response requirement, reinforcement rates, and proximity to reinforcement. 相似文献
224.
In this study, we used an interactive perspective to address the issue of responses to sexual harassment. We examined the
effect of the consistency across time, consistency across types of advances, and assertiveness of a rejecting response on
its perceived effectiveness. Participants were presented with scenarios that described responses to unwanted sexual attention
and were required to rate the effectiveness of the responses for their clarity, content, and estimated effect on the future
behavior of the perpetrator. The results show significant effects of consistency across time, consistency across types of
advances, and assertiveness on perceived effectiveness of the response. As expected, an assertive response that was consistent
across time and types of advances was perceived to be the most effective. This effect was found to be stronger for women than
for men. 相似文献
225.
226.
Renee J. Thompson Jutta Mata Martin Buschkuehl Ian H. Gotlib 《Behaviour research and therapy》2010,48(6):459-466
Rumination has consistently been found to be associated with the onset and duration of major depressive episodes. Little research, however, has examined factors that may weaken the association between maladaptive coping, such as rumination, and depressive symptoms. In three samples of participants, including 149 never-depressed adolescent girls, 41 never-depressed women, and 39 depressed women, we examined whether generally adaptive forms of coping interacted with generally maladaptive forms of coping to predict depressive symptoms. Age-appropriate measures of coping and depression were administered to participants in each sample. In never-depressed females, maladaptive coping/rumination were more strongly related to depressive symptoms in the presence of lower levels of adaptive coping. The relation between depression and maladaptive coping/rumination was weaker in the context of higher levels of adaptive coping. In contrast, for the depressed females, we found main effects for rumination and adaptive coping, with higher levels of rumination and lower levels of adaptive coping being associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. The present findings highlight how adaptive coping and maladaptive coping, including rumination, differentially relate to each other and depressive symptoms depending on individuals' current depressive state. 相似文献
227.
We evaluated a multiple schedule in which the extinction (S-) components were signaled overtly by a black lanyard and the reinforcement (S+) components were not correlated with any programmed stimuli in developing stimulus control over the high-rate social-approach responses of an adult with mental retardation. Responding was consistently low in the presence of the S- and consistently high when the lanyard was absent (i.e., the S+ condition). Component durations were thinned successfully to a level that was manageable for caregivers. 相似文献
228.
Ralph-P. Hannes 《Aggressive behavior》1985,11(1):9-15
The blood androgen levels of both high- and low-ranking swordtail males show a reduction to one third of initial levels after social isolation but are returned to normal following a 20-minute exposure to a small male of the same species behind a transparent partition (standard-opponent test). Experiments to determine the cause of this effect revealed that the social contact involved in the test was not responsible, but that rather the presence of the fish in a new environment (the test-aquarium) for 20 hours itself sufficed to restore the normal androgen concentrations. The blood corticoid levels of both high- and low-ranking males are also reduced to one third of initial levels by social isolation. The normal level of this hormone was, however, restored following a standard-opponent test only in the case of the high-ranking males; the corticoid levels of the low-ranking males remaining depressed. Transfer to a new environment in itself did not account for the effect on the high-ranking males. This result suggests that the pituitary-adrenal systems of high- and low-ranking males are differentially responsive to the social situation represented by the standard-opponent test. 相似文献
229.
为探讨社会逆境感知对大学生攻击行为的影响机制,选取577名大学生为被试,采用社会逆境感知问卷、大学生攻击行为量表、反刍思维量表及领悟社会支持量表进行测试。结果表明:(1)社会逆境感知对大学生攻击行为有显著的正向影响,并间接地通过反刍思维对大学生攻击行为产生作用;(2)领悟社会支持在社会逆境感知对大学生反刍思维的影响中起显著的调节作用,具体而言,在低领悟社会支持水平下,社会逆境感知对大学生反刍思维的预测作用更强,而在高领悟社会支持水平下,社会逆境感知对大学生反刍思维的预测作用不显著。 相似文献
230.
Suicide Signs on the Rorschach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
John Bishop Andrew Martin Scott Costanza Robert C. Lane 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2000,30(3):289-305
This paper reviews the literature concerning the assessment of suicide using the Rorschach and updates the important developments since Goldfried, Stricker, and Weiner's comprehensive review of the literature in 1971. Special attention is given to those indicators which show the most support in the literature and are most efficient to use. The presence or absence of any of these signs in a patient's record should not be taken to signify the presence or absence of suicidal ideation. However, the presence of even one of these indicators does provide a warning to the clinician, indicating that further exploration in this area may be warranted. Knowledge of the many suicidal indicators on projective tests places the clinician in a better position to predict such destructive behavior and intervene appropriately. 相似文献