医学研究生动物实验伦理认知考察：以雄性连体鼠受孕为例

动物实验是医学研究与教育中不可或缺的环节,也是培养其科研伦理意识的实践途径。对410名医学研究生的研究结果显示：56.8%的人称不应开展雄性连体鼠受孕实验,58.1%的人称此实验违背了3R原则,76.3%的人称此类研究需要接受伦理委员会的伦理审批。被调查医学研究生的动物实验伦理认知情况尚好。因此建议医学院校和科研院所要加强动物实验伦理教育,提高医学研究生和科研人员的伦理意识和伦理决策能力,健全伦理审查制度,优化医学科技伦理治理环境。

     

2023版伦理审查办法的基本要求及审查要点评析

以科技创新与高质量发展要求为背景来解读2023年颁布的《涉及人的生命科学和医学研究伦理审查办法》（以下简称《办法》）,解析了该《办法》的总体框架与监管范围、伦理原则与审查要求、风险控制与知情同意,以及公平分配负担与受益。结合干细胞临床研究项目和健康医疗大数据研究,考察了其伦理审查要点。最后,作者提出《办法》不足之处,一是未明确研究者提交给伦理审查委员会材料清单的若干细节内容;二是的对伦理审查委员会的职责的若干规定有商榷之处。

     

从新冠防控看疾控人员在公共卫生突发事件应对中的伦理挑战

疾控人员在公共卫生突发事件应对中一直发挥着重要的作用,但也面临着诸多伦理问题和挑战。通过对来自10个省份的一线疾控人员进行质性焦点组访谈,围绕疾控人员在新冠防控中的主要职责任务,从流调溯源、信息共享与发布、隔离管控和社区防控和新技术的应用四个方面对疾控人员在公共卫生事件应对中所面临的伦理学挑战进行了梳理,并进行了进一步分析。为未来的公共卫生突发事件应对从数据的分享与利用,科学防控的全面理解以及提升公众的公共卫生意识与伦理学支持等方面提出意见和建议。

     

军事医学伦理学研究现状及进展

结合国内外相关文献,从军事医学伦理学的产生及其发展、军事医学伦理学的研究范畴及其发展、对军事医学伦理学的发展展望等方面进行总结分析。重点研究了军医职业带来的军事伦理学困境、军人战斗行为后的心理创伤和精神健康问题、对待战俘的军事医学伦理学问题、生物技术应用于军事的医学伦理问题、海外事务中军事医学伦理规范的建立、新军事革命对军事医学伦理学的需要等方面。未来,军事医学伦理学的发展必定是站在全球视野的合作与共赢,需要构建符合国际伦理需求的军事医学伦理规范,不断丰富和完善我国军事医学伦理学体系。

     

责任伦理视角下临床决策支持系统的伦理责任考量

从责任伦理的视角,提出临床决策支持系统（clinical decision support system,CDSS）在确保准确性、尊重自主性、保护隐私安全等责任中存在的合作意识缺失、职业责任薄弱、社会责任缺位等伦理责任问题,针对上述问题,通过以人为本、共存共生的责任伦理原则指出CDSS各方承担责任的主要路径,包括增强合作意识提高CDSS准确性、明确医生与开发者职业责任确保CDSS应用的自主性、加强企业社会责任保障隐私保护等,期望为责任相关者更好地承担伦理责任提供思路,为CDSS未来发展提供新的视角。

     

西方正义理念的历史回眸

正义是人类社会追求的现实目标和永恒理想。在西方文化史上,蕴藏着丰富而深厚的正义思想,它们构成了西方绵延古今的正义观变迁史。真正的正义理论应该是对人类生存,发展与完善这一中心问题的思考与表达。这一理解即是我们正确评价西方各种正义观的出发点,也是我们科学合理地建构中国社会转型期正义理论的立足点。     

Conflict of interest in biomedical research: a view from Europe

In this paper I address the conflict of interest (CoI) issue from a legal point of view at a European level. We will see that the regulatory framework that exists in Europe does state the need for the independence of ethics committee involved in authorisation of research and clinical trials. We will see that CoI is an element that has to be closely monitored at National and International level. Therefore, Member States and Newly Associated States do have to address CoI in the authorisation process of research and clinical protocols of biomedicine. The opinions here expressed are personal and do not commit the European Commission. An earlier version of this paper was delivered at a Conference on Conflict of Interest and Its Significance in Science and Medicine, 5–6 April, 2002, Warsaw, Poland. The author is a Scientific Officer in the Programme Science and Society dealing with ethics and science (Unit C.3).     

Age-related differences in idea generation and selection for propositional language

Conceptual preparation mechanisms such as novel idea generation and selection from amongst competing alternatives are critical for language production and may contribute to age-related language deficits. This study investigated whether older adults show diminished idea generation and selection abilities, compared to younger adults. Twenty younger (18–35 years) and 20 older (60–80 years) adults completed two novel experimental tasks, an idea generation task and a selection task. Older participants were slower than younger participants overall on both tasks. Importantly, this difference was more pronounced for task conditions with greater demands on generation and selection. Older adults were also significantly reduced on a semantic, but not phonemic, word fluency task. Overall, the older group showed evidence of age-related decline specific to idea generation and selection ability. This has implications for the message formulation stage of propositional language decline in normal aging.     

Serious Ethical Violations in Medicine: A Statistical and Ethical Analysis of 280 Cases in the United States From 2008–2016

Serious ethical violations in medicine, such as sexual abuse, criminal prescribing of opioids, and unnecessary surgeries, directly harm patients and undermine trust in the profession of medicine. We review the literature on violations in medicine and present an analysis of 280 cases. Nearly all cases involved repeated instances (97%) of intentional wrongdoing (99%), by males (95%) in nonacademic medical settings (95%), with oversight problems (89%) and a selfish motive such as financial gain or sex (90%). More than half of cases involved a wrongdoer with a suspected personality disorder or substance use disorder (51%). Despite clear patterns, no factors provide readily observable red flags, making prevention difficult. Early identification and intervention in cases requires significant policy shifts that prioritize the safety of patients over physician interests in privacy, fair processes, and proportionate disciplinary actions. We explore a series of 10 questions regarding policy, oversight, discipline, and education options. Satisfactory answers to these questions will require input from diverse stakeholders to help society negotiate effective and ethically balanced solutions.     

The Definition of Moral Dilemmas: A Logical Problem

This paper concerns one of the undecided disputes of modern moral philosophy: the possibility of moral dilemmas. Whereas proponents of the possibility of moral dilemmas often appeal to moral experience, many opponents refer to ethical theory and deontic logic. My aim in this paper is to clarify some of the tension between moral experience and ethical theory with respect to moral dilemmas. In Part One I try to show that a number of logical arguments against the possibility of moral dilemmas, though apparently very different, turn out to be basically the same, as they are all based on the following concept of ought: if A ought to be done, doing B is impermissible and doing A itself is permissible. In Part Two I present an overview of several definitions of moral dilemmas that have been given by proponents of moral dilemmas: definitions that define moral dilemmas in terms of oughts and definitions that define them in terms of reasons. I conclude that, while reason is to weak, ought is too strong a concept to define moral dilemmas with. In this way, the arguments from Part One create a logical problem for proponents of the possibility of moral dilemmas to define moral dilemmas.