动机的目标理论

章对动机的目标研究领域的发展脉络、研究方法以及所取得的新近成果进行综述,总结各种目标理论的共同点和分歧,并对这一领域的未来发展方向做出了展望。作认为,目标理论将导致行为的情感因素、动机力量与认知过程有机结合,这体现了一种整合趋势;同时,目标理论强调目标对于人格功能、情绪以及健康的重要性,使得该领域的研究与社会生活密切相联。而这一研究领域的未来方向则是,探查动机倾向与个人目标之间的联结。     

Dweck成就目标取向理论的发展及其展望

简单介绍了Dweck成就目标取向理论的形成过程,以突出其理论的主要价值。文章重点分析了国内外研究者对目标取向理论的发展,主要体现在两方面：一是对目标取向模型本身的探讨,二是目标取向的动态调节作用。在此基础上,文章指出Dweck理论的精髓在于能力观,而能力观培养是目前研究所欠缺的,应成为未来研究的一个重要方向。该文分析了能力观培养的可能途径,并指出应从儿童自身发展的角度探索能力观的培养方法。     

Performance goals: The moderating roles of context and achievement orientation

Past research has yielded mixed findings for performance achievement goals. To help resolve this inconsistency, two experiments explored the moderating role of context and individual differences in achievement orientation. Participants in Study 1 pursued either a performance goal or no goal while solving enjoyable puzzles. They did so within either an evaluative or non-evaluative context, and received positive feedback after task completion. Results show that performance goals did not affect performance on the puzzles and undermined interest only when pursued within evaluative contexts by people low in achievement orientation. Study 2 replicated Study 1 and extended it by manipulating outcome feedback valence. Negative feedback given in an evaluative context undermined interest for people high in achievement orientation, but had no effect on those low in achievement orientation. The findings are related to classic achievement motivation findings and current approach-avoidant models of achievement goal theory.     

新手-熟手-专家型教师成就目标定向与人格特征的研究

本研究采用量表法考察三种类型教师成就目标定向与人格特征的特点。结果表明 ,与普通成人相比 ,我国中学教师比较外倾 ,精神质水平更高。三种类型教师在任务目标上存在显著性差异 ,新手型教师的任务目标水平显著低于熟手型教师 ;而在成绩目标上 ,不存在显著性差异。新手型教师在精神质维度上与熟手型教师存在显著性差异 ,其精神质水平显著低于熟手型教师 ,熟手型教师在神经质维度上与专家型教师存在显著性差异 ,其神经质水平显著低于专家型教师 ,神经质水平高是专家型教师典型的人格特征。     

课堂环境目标影响学生成就目标的实验研究

采用现场教学实验的方法,探讨了在我国中学课堂教学中,运用TARGET教学模式引导学生的掌握目标定向,激发学习动机的有效性和可行性。被试是来自同一所中学的初中二年级两个班的学生(实验班36人,控制班34人)。研究结果表明,通过教师在课堂上实施强调掌握目标的教学干预策略,可以有效地改善学生的学习动机模式,促使学生更多地采取掌握目标,提高学生的学习兴趣和学习成绩。     

目标感染研究述评

目标感染是动机领域新近出现的一个概念（Aarts等,2004）,所谓目标感染指的是个体可以自动的从他人行为信息中推测其目标并无意识的追求这一目标。目标感染在激活对象、复杂程度等方面不同于单纯的行为模仿,在行为性质、意识水平等方面又区别于观察学习。目标状态可及性、目标情感效价等因素会影响目标感染现象的发生。已有研究中通常采用目标相关词汇、社会信息两种方式进行目标的激活。作为对有意识目标追求的补充,目标感染的研究促进了我们对个体行为的理解。未来研究尚可就观察者特征、目标熟悉程度、被观察者数量等因素对目标感染的影响开展进一步的探讨。     

Motivational climate and changes in young athletes’ achievement goal orientations

Development of achievement-related motives in young athletes is believed to be influenced by the motivational climate created by coaches. In a longitudinal multilevel design utilizing 47 youth basketball teams, coach-initiated motivational climate was used to predict changes in 9–13 year old athletes’ achievement goal orientations over the course of a season. Mastery climate scores on the Motivational Climate Scale for Youth Sports were associated with significant increases in mastery goal orientation and decreases in ego orientation scores on the Achievement Goal Scale for Youth Sports. Ego motivational climate scores were significantly related to increases in ego goal orientation scores. These relations were not influenced by athletes’ age or gender. Intraclass correlations indicated low within-team consensus in athletes’ motivational climate scores, suggesting an individual- rather than team-level perceptual construct. These and other findings indicate that achievement goal orientation research can be extended downward to children below the age of 11.

先秦儒家"和为贵"的政治伦理追求

“和为贵”是先秦儒家政治伦理思想的核心理念和本质特征。重视“人和”的社会管理思想．强调“民为邦本”的和谐社会基础,提倡“修己安人”的“和”政治伦理要求,构成了先秦儒家“和为贵”的政治伦理内涵。吸取其合理养分,对于我们今天构建社会主义和谐社会仍具有一定的借鉴作用。     

The Limits of Medical Practice

Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics - Should medicine be defined as the enterprise in charge of the health problems of society? If so, then any problem (individual, public, social or political) that...     

“行高人非”还是“见贤思齐”？职场上行比较对员工行为的双刃剑效应

本研究基于压力认知评估理论,从理性认知视角探讨了职场上行比较存在的提升自我和贬损他人效应,以及驱动不同路径效应生效的边界条件和传导机制。本研究通过轮询设计,在3个时间点收集了来自60个团队240位成员的720份人际配对样本,并采用社会关系模型分析数据得出以下结论:在低水平绩效证明目标导向情况下,员工倾向于将上行比较对象评估为挑战,进而激发员工向上行比较对象的学习行为;相反,在高水平绩效证明目标导向情况下,员工倾向于将上行比较对象评估为威胁,进而驱使员工采取针对上行比较对象的社会阻抑。