目标结构与学习动机

本文概述了目标结构理论的形成及发展,并进一步论述了在教学中不同的目标结构,导致学生间不间的相互关系,从而使学生形成不同的学习动机,取得不同的学业成就。竞争目标结构激发的是能力中心的动机系统;个体化目标结构激发的是任务掌握的动机系统;合作目标结构激发的是道德中心的动机系统。由此,我们认为在当前的教学实践中应重视合作目标结构的建立。     

SOCIAL VALIDATION: THE EVOLUTION OF STANDARDS OF COMPETENCY FOR TARGET BEHAVIORS

The use of social validation procedures has become widespread in recent years. Although most researchers have used social validation procedures to select target behaviors and to evaluate whether the changes produced by a treatment program should be considered socially useful, little attention has been focused upon using the social validation process to determine the optimal levels for target behaviors. This paper suggests several ways in which social validation procedures can be employed in order to select when and how much to change target behaviors.     

Binary action based estimation of propensities

An observer is to make inference statements about a quantityp, called apropensity and bounded between 0 and 1, based on the observation thatp does or does not exceed a constantc. The propensityp may have an interpretation as a proportion, as a long-run relative frequency, or as a personal probability held by some subject. Applications in medicine, engineering, political science, and, most especially, human decision making are indicated. Bayes solutions for the observer are obtained based on prior distributions in the mixture of beta distribution family; these are then specialized to power-function prior distributions. Inference about logp and log odds is considered. Multiple-action problems are considered in which the focus of inference shifts to theprocess generating the propensitiesp, both in the case of a process parameter known to the subject and unknown. Empirical Bayes techniques are developed for observer inference aboutc when is known to the subject. A Bayes rule, a minimax rule and a beta-minimax rule are constructed for the subject when he is uncertain about.This research was partially supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense and was monitored by ONR under Contract No. N00014-77-C-0095. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Office of Naval Research, or Carnegie-Mellon University.     

Goal attainment scaling: An idiosyncratic method to assess treatment effectiveness in agoraphobia

Goal attainment scaling (GAS) is an individually tailored way to measure treatment gains, using a highly standardized procedure. An advantage of the method is that it takes into account individual characteristics of the patients, and at the same time the data are suitable for quantitative analysis and comparable across patients. Despite the wide acceptance and use of the method in the evaluation of psychotherapy, data on its psychometric properties are rather scarce. In the current study, GAS was used as one of several outcome measures in a research project on the effectiveness of various treatments for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Guidelines for GAS are presented as well as data on the reliability and validity of the procedure. Results indicate that the procedure is reliable, valid, and sensitive to the improvement of patients during treatment. Comparison of GAS with standardized measures revealed considerable concordance, although the clinical end status of patients diverged somewhat dependent on the measure considered.     

Clinical judgment in forensic neuropsychology: A comment on the risks of claiming more than can be delivered

There is a vast and growing literature in psychology demonstrating the general limits of human judgment and clinical inference. These findings clearly apply in the new specialty of clinical neuropsychology, and there is little empirical research to support the widespread belief that judgmental accuracy correlates substantially with experience, professional stature, or reputation as a neuropsychologist. However, the demand characteristics of expert testimony in the forensic arena may encourage individual neuropsychologists to state or intimate that they have unique or special expertise in understanding brain-behavior relationships, or in predicting outcomes following cerebral insult or injury. These claims will be increasingly difficult to substantiate as attorneys become more conversant with the literature on human judgment.     

Boundaries for career success? How work–home integration and perceived supervisor expectation affect careers

The necessity to actively manage the work–home boundaries has drastically increased. We postulate that work–home integration may affect individuals' subjective career success via its positive effects on work goal attainment and exhaustion. Furthermore, we study perceived supervisor expectation for employee work–home integration as a boundary condition. Our three-wave online survey with 371 employees showed support for the two hypothesized moderated mediation effects. Work–home integration preference is indirectly related to subjective career success: (1) positively via home-to-work transitions and work goal attainment and (2) negatively via home-to-work transitions and exhaustion. Perceived supervisor expectation constrained work–home integration preference's direct effect on home-to-work transitions and indirect effects on subjective career success. Exploratory analysis revealed that exhaustion negatively affected all career success dimensions, whereas work goal attainment was only related to some. Our results indicate that supervisor expectation can override the effect of employee's work–home integration preference on home-to-work transitions which have a double-edged sword effect on subjective career success. Our study contributes to integrating the careers and work–life interface literature and incorporating contextual factors. Furthermore, with the exploration of differential effects on subjective career success, we advance our understanding of this outcome's nomological network.     

不同情境下临场自我调节学习活动对学习结果的中介影响

探讨在两种学习目标（大致浏览与全面掌握）与两种时间压力（无时间限制提示与有时间限制提示）的情境下,６０名被试的临场自我调节学习活动水平对两种学习结果（选择题测验与作文）的中介影响。结果表明,在不同情境下,无论学习目标高低或时间压力大小,被试的选择题测验成绩均不存在显著差异;而作文成绩均存在显著差异;被试的临场自我调节学习活动存在显著差异;被试的部分临场自我调节学习活动对学习结果具有中介影响。     

目标倾向测量及其与绩效的关系

本文修订了B.Button等人所编制的目标倾向调查问卷,修订后的问卷具有较好的信效度。选取了58名文科大二学生为被试,以本学期各科期末成绩作为绩效指标,经偏相关分析,结果表明:绩效目标倾向和中国近代教育史、管理学概论、世界文化史等科目的成绩有显著相关,学习目标倾向与儿童发展心理学、教育测量学、英语4级等科目的成绩有显著相关。两类目标倾向与英语成绩的关系随课程难度的不同而变化,在此基础上,作者提出在目标倾向与绩效的关系上,可以从资源需求的角度来加以考察。     

Bayesian inference for finite mixtures of generalized linear models with random effects

We present an hierarchical Bayes approach to modeling parameter heterogeneity in generalized linear models. The model assumes that there are relevant subpopulations and that within each subpopulation the individual-level regression coefficients have a multivariate normal distribution. However, class membership is not known a priori, so the heterogeneity in the regression coefficients becomes a finite mixture of normal distributions. This approach combines the flexibility of semiparametric, latent class models that assume common parameters for each sub-population and the parsimony of random effects models that assume normal distributions for the regression parameters. The number of subpopulations is selected to maximize the posterior probability of the model being true. Simulations are presented which document the performance of the methodology for synthetic data with known heterogeneity and number of sub-populations. An application is presented concerning preferences for various aspects of personal computers.