Interactive Frameworks for Investigation of Goal Programming Models: Theory and Practice

This paper discusses means of introducing decision maker input into the goal programming model in order to produce more satisfactory solutions. Both formal interactive methods and informal trial-and-error approaches are discussed. The design criteria for the choice of the initial test solution and the stopping criteria for the final solution are detailed. The area of presentation of results to, and elicitation of preferences from, the decision maker is dealt with. Practical suggestions for means of parameter alteration to produce alternative solutions are given. Finally, the integration of the above issues into an integrated framework is discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

初中学生学业延迟满足

采用问卷法,从自我调控学习的角度对208名初中学生学业延迟满足进行研究。研究发现不同目标取向对学业延迟满足有不同影响,任务取向对学业延迟满足有积极影响,趋向型自我取向对学业延迟满足有负面作用。学业延迟满足作为一种自我调控能力,能够预测学生在学习过程中元认知策略的运用情况,但对学业成绩无显著影响。     

Cleaning versus replacement in power plant air preheaters: a comparison between deterministic and stochastic goal programming models

Power plants lose efficiency when the air preheater elements are not replaced or cleaned as they deteriorate. Replacing is more expensive than cleaning but more secure to preserve power and lifetime. How many baskets should be then replaced and how many cleaned to achieve ‘satisficing’ goals of cost, power and lifetime? We design deterministic/stochastic goal programming approaches to this problem and develop a decision case for usual preheaters. Some discrepancies in results between both approaches appear, the deterministic model advising to replace less baskets than the stochastic, which is plausible due to the risk variable. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

目标倾向与自我调节活动及绩效的关系研究综述

本文回顾了目标倾向与自我调节活动、绩效之间关系的有关研究。目标倾向效应的研究已成为管理心理学、教育心理学、学习心理学等心理学各分支的重要领域。现有的研究虽取得了某些结果 ,但由于这些研究在目标倾向的测量、绩效指标的选择等方面存在着不一致 ,以及任务性质和被试条件的不一致 ,因而在目标倾向与自我调节活动、绩效等的相互关系上所得到的结果仍然存在着不一致甚至矛盾的地方。所以 ,对所存在的问题需要进一步加以研究。     

短期目标和长期目标设置对投篮成绩,努力程度和状态焦虑的影响

这篇论文调查了短期目标和长期目标对投篮成绩、努力程度和状态焦虑的影响．８７名被试被随机分配到以下一个组中：（１）短期目标组,（２）长期目标组,（３）短期和长期目标结合组,（４）“尽力做好”组。实验时间为７周。研究结果显示：（１）结合目标组、短期目标组和长期目标组的投篮成绩显著优于“尽力做好”组;（２）结合目标组的投篮成绩提高幅度最大,其次是短期目标组和长期目标组,最后是“尽力做好”组,（３）结合目标组、短期目标组和长期目标组的投篮成绩随练习次数的增加而显著提高,（４）努力程度是结合目标组和短期目标组投篮成绩提高的调节变量。     

The production and recognition of typological argumentative text markers

A series of experiments on children and adults were conducted to define the features and workings of argumentative discourse. Oral and written arguments were analyzed for the complexity of the argument support structure and the presence of typological argumentation markers (certainty modals, value judgments, etc.). Subjects were asked to assess the argumentativity of texts that did or did not contain typical argumentation markers. At about age ten, children can produce and recognize a ‘minimal argumentative structure,’ in which the speaker takes a stance and supports it with text that derives its argumentativity from the presence of this stance). However, full mastery of the negotiation process, that involves acknowledgment of the opponent's stance (generally through the use of counterarguments) is not present before the ages of 15 to 16. The minimal argumentative structure continues to develop with age and gain complexity. Certain situations are more conductive to the production of elaborate argumentative discourse, such as a genuinely controversial topic with an unfamiliar adult addressee whose stance is not known and whose reaction is thus unpredictable. Here speakers produce complex arguments while still leaving room for negotiation. Overall, certain argumentation markers can be identified in all argumentative text. these markers can be used to characterize stages of development of argumentative discourse. A number of issues remain unexplored, including: What other (implicit...) devices do speakers use to convince their audience? Why is the capacity to put argumentation in writing acquired at such a late stage of development?     

The Relationship Between Health and Human Services and the Personal Goal-Directed Activities of Persons Living with AIDS

This study evaluates the relationship between the social climate from different services and the personal goal-directed activities of 224 individuals with AIDS. The study's results supported the main hypothesis that recipient and participatory service involvement uniquely influence personal goal-directed activities, even after considering individuals with AIDS' physical symptoms, psychological distress, income, and recruitment site. Income and involvement with participatory services were both positively related to the amount of personal goal-directed activity. Longitudinal analyses suggest that personal initiative contributes to the subsequent amount of personal goal-directed activities a person pursues. These results suggest further examination of factors contributing to the selection of different service types and of the processes underlying the relationship between participatory services and positive outcomes for clients with AIDS.     

THE USE OF GOAL SETTING AND CONTINGENCY CONTRACTING FOR IMPROVING CHILDREN'S HOMEWORK PERFORMANCE

We examined the effects of goal setting and contingency contracting on children's homework performance. Subjects were 4 parent—child dyads in which the child exhibited substantial homework problems. Using a combination of multiple baseline and reversal (ABAB) designs, goal setting and contingency contracting produced significant improvements in children's homework accuracy. Two of the 4 subjects showed substantial improvements in on-task behavior. Consumer satisfaction with the procedures was supported by parent ratings conducted posttreatment.     

A weighted procrustes criterion

The Procrustes criterion is a common measure for the distance between two matricesX andY, and can be interpreted as the sum of squares of the Euclidean distances between their respective column vectors. Often a weighted Procrustes criterion, using, for example, a weighted sum of the squared distances between the column vectors, is called for. This paper describes and analyzes the performance of an algorithm for rotating a matrixX such that the column-weighted Procrustes distance toY is minimized. The problem of rotatingX intoY such that an aggregate measure of Tucker's coefficient of congruence is maximized is also discussed.We wish to thank Richard A. Harshman and C. F. Jeff Wu for valuable discussions in the early stages of this work. We would also like to thank Jos ten Berge, John Gower, and the Editor, Associate Editor, and referees whose comments and suggestions greatly improved this paper.     

Goal disruption during COVID-19: Reimagining goals during a global pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a major source of professional and personal disruption and has had both direct and downstream consequences on almost every aspect of peoples' lives, including their personal goal pursuits. In the face of unexpected hardships and obstacles, people have had to find new paths to goal achievement. In the present work, we examined whether difficulty adjusting goal pursuit during the global disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic is related to negative affective, cognitive, and behavioral goal-related outcomes. Across two studies, we found that people who had more difficulty adjusting their goal pursuit during the pandemic experienced more negative feelings toward their goals, were less satisfied with the status of their goals, and were less likely to actually achieve their goals. Moreover, individual differences in planning tendencies, need for predictability, general adaptability, and perceived pandemic disruption were related to more difficulty adjusting goal pursuit. This work demonstrates the importance of flexibility in the face of setbacks and obstacles, especially during times of disruption and uncertainty.