上海市大学城学生网瘾调查报告

本调查使用大学生网络成瘾量表,调查了上海市大学城里1286名大学生.调查结果显示:大学城学生不同性别和年级在因特网成瘾障碍量表各维度上的差异不显著,其脱瘾综合症状明显.大学城学生不同性别和年级网络成瘾的发生率有显著差异.上海市大学城学生网瘾发牛率在总体、男生、大二、大四维度上显著低于全市大学生网瘾发生率.     

剖宫产率上升探析

剖宫产作为产科分娩的干预手段,既可以挽救孕妇和胎儿的生命,又会对孕妇和胎儿带来某些预料不到的危险。近年来,许多国家的剖宫产率随着剖宫产术的推广不断上升,引起了社会各界的广泛关注。本文概述了国内外剖宫产率变化的主要特征,综述了导致剖宫产率上升的主要因素及社会各界对剖宫产率上升的不同看法。     

Frontal brain electrical activity (EEG) and heart rate in response to affective infant-directed (ID) speech in 9-month-old infants

Many studies have shown that infants prefer infant-directed (ID) speech to adult-directed (AD) speech. ID speech functions to aid language learning, obtain and/or maintain an infant's attention, and create emotional communication between the infant and caregiver. We examined psychophysiological responses to ID speech that varied in affective content (i.e., love/comfort, surprise, fear) in a group of typically developing 9-month-old infants. Regional EEG and heart rate were collected continuously during stimulus presentation. We found the pattern of overall frontal EEG power was linearly related to affective intensity of the ID speech, such that EEG power was greatest in response to fear, than surprise than love/comfort; this linear pattern was specific to the frontal region. We also noted that heart rate decelerated to ID speech independent of affective content. As well, infants who were reported by their mothers as temperamentally distressed tended to exhibit greater relative right frontal EEG activity during baseline and in response to affective ID speech, consistent with previous work with visual stimuli and extending it to the auditory modality. Findings are discussed in terms of how increases in frontal EEG power in response to different affective intensity may reflect the cognitive aspects of emotional processing across sensory domains in infancy.     

Further analysis of the matching law to describe two- and three-point shot allocation by professional basketball players

The matching law was used to analyze whether the proportion of shots taken from two- or three-point range would match the proportional reinforcement rates produced by those shots when the reinforcement rate of three-point shooting was changed. Rule changes in 1994 and 1997 altered the distance of the three-point line in the National Basketball Association, which created a quasiexperimental reversal design, thereby naturally changing three-point reinforcement rates. The present data partially confirmed predictions made by the matching law, in that increases in the relative rate of three-point shots attempted corresponded to increases in the relative rate of three-point shots made.     

Heart rate and blood pressure responses to a competitive role‐playing game

The effects of the outcome of competitive encounters on physiological parameters have been studied, especially testosterone levels, but hardly on other systems that, however, present a high sensitivity to stress. This study assessed the effect of a competitive game on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) in a sample of university students. In addition, the influence of anxiety and attributions of the outcome was also explored. Only winners significantly showed a rise in HR during the competition followed by a decrease along the posttask phase in addition to more internal attributions. On the contrary, the average HR for losers during the competition was lower compared with their baseline values. No differences depending on the outcome were found in BP. The cardiovascular response as well as the subjective interpretation of the outcome suggest a more active strategy employed by winners vs. a more passive strategy of losers. Future studies should specifically investigate the importance of coping strategies for psychophysiological adaptation to contests and for the outcome reached. This would permit an advance in the understanding of the role of individual differences in the processes of stress and in associated diseases. Aggr. Behav. 27:351–359, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

认知诊断CAT中具有非统计约束选题方法的比较

项目曝光控制和内容约束关系到测验安全、测验的信度和效度, 是计算机化自适应测验(Computerized Adaptive Testing, CAT)中两类重要的非统计约束条件。本文在认知诊断CAT中针对内容约束和项目曝光控制要求, 运用5种方法选择测验项目。它们分别是：(1) Monte Carlo方法与项目合格方法相结合, 记为MC-IE; (2) Monte Carlo方法与最大优先指标方法相结合, 记为MC-MPI; (3) Monte Carlo方法与限制阈值方法相结合, 记为MC-RT; (4) Monte Carlo方法与限制进度指标方法相结合, 记为MC-RPG以及(5) Monte Carlo方法与最大后验概率方法相结合, 记为MC-PP。然后通过在线性、收敛、发散、无结构和独立五种属性结构下构建题库并运用重参化融融统和模型模拟被试反应比较它们的选题表现。研究发现, (1) 相同选题方法在不同属性结构下项目曝光率的分布类似, 测量精度按线性、收敛、发散、无结构和独立结构的顺序依次降低; (2) 相同属性结构下, 不同方法的测量精度高低依次为MC-PP、MC-IE、MC-RT、MC-MPI和MC-RPG方法; 项目曝光均匀性优劣依次为MC-RPG、MC-MPI、MC-RT、MC-IE和MC-PP方法。统一量纲值表明, MC-RPG方法的综合表现最好, MC-MPI方法的表现次之。     

判断与决策中的基线比例忽略

基线比例忽略是指在事件的判断中忽略相关事件统计学上的信息, 而只关注当前呈现的案例信息, 从而造成判断和决策偏差的一种现象。目前对这一现象的解释主要包括双加工理论和线性整合理论, 而影响基线比例忽略的因素有许多方面, 如信息特征、认知能力等等。在未来研究中, 应该深入分析双加工理论的作用机制以及依据模糊痕迹理论提出新的研究视角, 同时拓展在团体和公共领域中的应用性研究。     

Memory for vocal tempo and pitch

Two experiments examined the ability to remember the vocal tempo and pitch of different individuals, and the way this information is encoded into the cognitive system. In both studies, participants engaged in an initial familiarisation phase while attending was systematically directed towards different aspects of speakers’ voices. Afterwards, they received a tempo or pitch recognition task. Experiment 1 showed that tempo and pitch are both incidentally encoded into memory at levels comparable to intentional learning, and no performance deficit occurs with divided attending. Experiment 2 examined the ability to recognise pitch or tempo when the two dimensions co-varied and found that the presence of one influenced the other: performance was best when both dimensions were positively correlated with one another. As a set, these findings indicate that pitch and tempo are automatically processed in a holistic, integral fashion [Garner, W. R. (1974). The processing of information and structure. Potomac, MD: Erlbaum.] which has a number of cognitive implications.     

The buffering power of overt socially supportive and unsupportive behaviors from the significant other on posttraumatic stress disorder individuals’ emotional state

Background and objectives: Social support is one of the three strongest predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the present study, we aimed to assess the buffering power of overt socially supportive and unsupportive behaviors from the significant other, in a group with PTSD and a comparison group. Design and methods: A total of 46 individuals with PTSD and 42 individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or panic disorder (PD) completed diagnostic interviews and an anxiety-oriented social interaction with a significant other. Heart rate of participants was continuously measured during this interaction and overt social behaviors from the significant other were recorded on videotape and coded using a validated system. Results: Changes in heart rate in PTSD participants correlated negatively with changes in overt socially supportive behaviors from their significant other (r from ?.36 to ?.50, p?<?.05), while changes in overt unsupportive social behaviors from their significant other did not yield any significant correlation (r from ?.01 to .05, p?>?.05). No such statistically significant association emerged in the group with OCD or PD (r from .01 to ?.27, p?>?.05). Conclusions: This study sustain the buffering power of overt supportive behaviors from the significant other on heart rate changes in PTSD.     

Female relative age effects and the second-quartile phenomenon in young female ice hockey players

ObjectivesRelative age effects exist across sports and cultures (Cobley, Baker, Wattie, & McKenna, 2009), though a recent, unusual trend is females born in the second quartile of the selection year are most over-represented on elite teams. The first purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the second-quartile phenomenon was the result of first-quartile female athletes registering to play male sport. Due to the nature of the collected data, a secondary purpose was to examine relative age effects across female age divisions.DesignCross-sectional, with multiple chi-square analyses.MethodPlayers included 29,924 female ice hockey players (ages 7–17 years) from the Ontario Hockey Federation. Birthdates were converted into quartiles following the Hockey Canada selection year.ResultsRelative age effects (with the second quartile most over-represented) existed for the entire sample (χ² [3, 29923] = 401.95, p < 0.001), those registered for female ice hockey (χ² [3, 24984] = 369.90, p < 0.001) and those registered for male ice hockey (χ² [3, 4938] = 37.88, p < 0.001). The strength of the effect lessened as athletes aged.ConclusionIt appears the second-quartile phenomenon cannot be explained by athletes’ choice to play male sport. Further, female relative age effects appear strongest at younger ages. The discussion includes integration of results with previous literature, along with plausible explanations.