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51.
We evaluated a means of increasing staff members' interactions with an individual with multiple disabilities through use of a voice output communication aid (VOCA). When activated, the VOCA allowed the individual to communicate through synthesized speech. Results indicated that staff members interacted with the individual more frequently when she had access to the VOCA, suggesting that VOCAs may represent an alternative to more traditional staff management programs for increasing interactions. 相似文献
52.
The effects of functional communication training, extinction, and response chaining on 3 subjects' escape-maintained aberrant behavior were evaluated using a multielement design. Functional communication training consisted of teaching subjects a verbal response that was functionally equivalent to their aberrant behavior. Subjects initially were allowed to escape from a task contingent on the trained verbal response. In subsequent treatment phases, escape was contingent on the trained verbal response plus the completion of the specified number of steps in the task (response chaining). The number of steps was increased until a subject completed the task to obtain a break. Results showed that the treatment reduced rates of aberrant behavior and that the chaining procedure was effective in decreasing the availability of escape. 相似文献
53.
Yu-Wen Ying 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(6):893-911
Examined cultural orientation in the domains of language proficiency, cultural activity, and social relationship, and its
relationship with psychological well-being in a group of 143 Chinese Americans in San Francisco. Four indicators of psychological
well-being were utilized, two assessing the experience of distress (depression level and negative affect) and two assessing
positive well-being (positive affect and life satisfaction). Domain-specific cultural orientations were found to hold differential
relationships with psychological well-being. For instance, bicultural activity orientation predicted the best psychological
well-being (regardless as to how it was assessed), but socially separatist individuals experienced less negative affect than
assimilated and bicultural respondents. Findings were discussed in the context of the multicultural setting of San Francisco.
It is suggested that future research retain separate assessments of domain-specific cultural orientation, examine the contribution
of the community's ethnic/cultural composition to its members' cultural orientations (i.e., address the role of person-environment
fit) and study their impact on psychological well-being.
The data reported here were collected as part of the author's doctoral dissertation. Ricardo F. Munoz and Guillermo Bernal
guided and supported the implementation of this study; Sunwoo Lee assisted with the data analysis; and Edison J. Trickett
and the anonymous reviewers offered helpful suggestions. 相似文献
54.
Rosalind Hursthouse 《Argumentation》1995,9(4):617-632
The continuing debate between utilitarians and deontologists often takes the form of disagreement over how particular moral dilemmas are to be resolved, but protagonists on both sides tend to overlook the possibility of resolving a dilemma with remainder, such as regret. The importance of remainder is also overlooked by critics of some absolutist ways of resolving or slipping between the horns of certain moral dilemmas. Moreover, deontologists, if not utilitarians, can be criticised for overlooking the possibility that, according to their theory, some dilemmas may be irresolvable. Virtue ethics, with its concentration on the agent, readily accommodates both mention of remainder and irresolvable dilemmas, and yields a specification of tragic dilemmas which the other two theories might like to take on. 相似文献
55.
Gebhard Geiger 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1995,26(1):35-62
Using the mathematical frameworks of economic preference ranking, subjective probability, and rational learning through empirical evidence, the epistemological implications of teleological ethical intuitionism are pointed out to the extent to which the latter is based on cognitivist and objectivist concepts of value. The notions of objective value and objective norm are critically analysed with reference to epistemological criteria of intersubjectively shared valuative experience. It is concluded that one cannot meaningfully postulate general material theories of morality that could be tested, confirmed or refuted by intersubjective empirical evidence of preferences and values, however loosely the empirical evidence of values may be interpreted. This situation is explained with reference to the ways in which preceived values become systematically influenced by the concomitants of individual valuative experience, but which have nothing to do with contingent subjective interests. 相似文献
56.
Muhammad M. Haj-Yahia PhD 《Contemporary Family Therapy》1995,17(4):429-447
Over the past three decades, Arab society in Israel has been undergoing processes of transition. These processes are manifested by changes in the economy, education, the status of women, family structure, and by socio-cultural changes and transformations in patterns of coping with social problems. There is a serious lack of empirical research on the implications of this process for the value systems of Arab society and families in Israel and a dearth of relevant intervention-oriented literature. This article outlines the basic cultural values in the Arab society in Israel in an attempt to illuminate the relevance of these values for family structure and for direct interventions with Arab families in Israel. 相似文献
57.
58.
Michael Davis 《Science and engineering ethics》1995,1(1):33-48
This article attempts to distinguish between science and technology, on the one hand, and engineering, on the other, offering
a brief introduction to engineering values and engineering ethics. The method is (roughly) a philosophical examination of
history. Engineering turns out to be a relatively recent enterprise, barely three hundred years old, to have distinctive commitments
both technical and moral, and to have changed a good deal both technically and morally during that period. What motivates
the paper is the belief that a too-easy equation of engineering with technology tends to obscure the special contribution
of engineers to technology and to their own professional standards and so, to obscure as well both the origin and content
of engineering ethics. 相似文献
59.
本项研究旨在探索 5 -1 1岁儿童元认知发展的规律 ,2 80名昆明市及路南县汉、撒尼族儿童参与了三项知觉实验 ,实验结果表明 :1儿童随年龄的增长 ,有关知觉组织策略的知识及自我监察的能力也逐渐发展 ,表现为系统观察、选取有效策略及计划性的增强。 2儿童对信息的加工不断深入 ,从表浅的加工过渡到详尽的加工 ,不仅要求补充必要的信息 ,而且主动搜索隐蔽的线索以促进识辨。3儿童自我评价从笼统、含糊逐渐向客观、全面发展。4路南儿童元知觉的发展晚于昆明儿童两年 ,但在路南的汉族儿童和撒尼族儿童之间不存在显著差异 ,说明文化教育对儿童元知觉发展的重要影响。 相似文献
60.
Dr. Andrew N. Rowan 《Science and engineering ethics》1995,1(2):181-184
Conclusion The past one hundred fifty years of debate over the use of animals in research and testing has been characterized mainly byad hominem attacks and on uncritical rejection of the other sides’ arguments. In the classroom, it is important to avoid repeating exercises
in public relations and to demand sound scholarship.
This paper is a modification of material originally included in the handbook which accompanied the American Association for
the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Seminar “Teaching Ethics in Science and Engineering”, 10–11 February 1993. 相似文献