自我信息对知觉选择中整体优先性的调控作用

已有研究表明个人重要信息调控高级认知加工过程, 如面孔识别、记忆、思维等。本研究的三项实验系统地测量了个人重要信息对知觉选择的影响。采用最近发展的自我连接学习范式, 让中性几何图形与不同人(自我、朋友、陌生人)建立联系; 图形-标签连接完成后, 以复合图形(局部小图形组成整体大图形)作为实验刺激, 被试完成整体/局部图形判断任务, 通过评估个体对具有不同社会意义图形(目标vs.分心物水平)的感知差异, 测量个人重要信息对知觉选择的调控作用。结果发现, 与他人相关图形相比, 自我相关图形作为分心物调控整体优先效应, 这种效应一致地发生在整体和局部水平上, 并且不受注意任务的影响。这些结果提示社会信息对认知的调控作用发生在视觉选择水平上。     

Real World Justice

Despite a high and growing global average income, billions of human beings are still condemned to lifelong severe poverty with all its attendant evils of low life expectancy, social exclusion, ill health, illiteracy, dependency, and effective enslavement. We citizens of the rich countries are conditioned to think of this problem as an occasion for assistance. Thanks in part to the rationalizations dispensed by our economists, most of us do not realize how deeply we are implicated, through the new global economic order our states have imposed, in this ongoing catastrophe. My sketch of how we are so implicated follows the argument of my book, World Poverty and Human Rights, but takes the form of a response to the books critics.     

The tunneling method for global optimization in multidimensional scaling

This paper focuses on the problem of local minima of the STRESS function. It turns out that unidimensional scaling is particularly prone to local minima, whereas full dimensional scaling with Euclidean distances has a local minimum that is global. For intermediate dimensionality with Euclidean distances it depends on the dissimilarities how severe the local minimum problem is. For city-block distances in any dimensionality many different local minima are found. A simulation experiment is presented that indicates under what conditions local minima can be expected. We introduce the tunneling method for global minimization, and adjust it for multidimensional scaling with general Minkowski distances. The tunneling method alternates a local search step, in which a local minimum is sought, with a tunneling step in which a different configuration is sought with the same STRESS as the previous local minimum. In this manner successively better local minima are obtained, and experimentation so far shows that the last one is often a global minimum.This paper is based on the 1994 Psychometric Society's outstanding thesis award of the first author. The authros would like to thank Robert Tijssen of the CWTS Leiden for kindly making available the co-citation data of the Psychometric literature. This paper is an extended version of the paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Psychometric Society at Champaign-Urbana, Illin., June 1994.     

Critical notice of Aaron James,Fairness in Practice: A Social Contract for a Global Economy

Nobody has offered such a comprehensive philosophical approach to trade. Nonetheless, James's approach does not succeed. First, we explore James's constructivist method, which does less work than he suggests. The second topic is James's take on the different ‘grounds’ of justice. We explore the shortcomings of approaches that focus exclusively on trade. Our third topic is why James thinks trade is such a ground. The fourth topic is how James argues for his proposed ‘structural equity.’ This proposal remains under-argued. Our fifth topic is to explore why structural equity would generate several specific principles. Finally, we discuss James's notion of autarky. Autarky sets the benchmark for James's ideas about how to divide gains of trade. We doubt that it can do so.     

证候存在的逻辑回答

2003年我国开始了农村合作医疗的重建工作,它直接关系到中国几亿农民的健康和利益,目前仍处于大规模的试点阶段。通过对部分试点地区的实地调查研究和文献资料分析,以及新型农村合作医疗在其具体的实施过程中存在问题的探讨,对进一步发展提出了相关的政策建议,希望能对这项制度稳健和可持续的发展有所裨益。     

Religion and Science: What Is at Stake?

Abstract : “Religion and Science: What Is at Stake” looks at the latest information available on global warming from the International Panel on Climate Change and puts it in the context of the current culture war between progressives and conservatives. We worry that the science will become captive to ideological concerns that are theological, economic, and therefore political. The ideological domination of science may make a sustainable response to global warming even more difficult. It is vitally important that Christian theologians learn enough about the science to be articulate and support the scientists in their endeavors to promote our care of the creation.     

农村合作医疗制度的现状分析与对策思考——对铜陵县农村合作医疗试点工作的调查研究

铜陵县自2003年9月份正式实施第一轮试点方案以来,新型合作医疗试点工作已经取得了很大的成就.在调查研究的基础上,对农村合作医疗试点中的宣传状况、方案设计、管理制度、保障水平和配套政策等方面进行了客观的分析,指出了试点中存在的制度设计及制度运行问题,并针对这些问题提出了相应的对策思考.     

Angry reactions to failure on a cooperative computer game: The effect of trait hostility,behavioural inhibition,and behavioural activation

This study describes the use of a “cooperative” computer game in which the subject has to follow directions, supposedly sent from a partner, and steer a tank to avoid invisible mines. The tank is lost if it hits a mine or does not reach base within a set time limit. The game was designed so that the majority of trials would be lost. Affective (mood self-ratings), cognitive (attribution of blame questionnaire), and behavioural (feedback sent to the “partner”) outcomes were assessed. The game significantly increased ratings of discontentedness and anger. Self-blame for task failure was correlated with the Guilt subscale of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), and blaming the partner was correlated positively with the Motor Aggression subscale and negatively with the empathy scale of the I7, supporting the notion of hostile attributional bias in adults. The importance of individual differences in the strength of the behavioural inhibition system (BIS) and behavioural activation system (BAS) were explored using the BIS/BAS scales developed by Carver and White [1994]. Sending negative feedback to the partner was negatively correlated with scores on the BIS. Scores on BAS drive were positively correlated with increases in discontentedness and with sending negative feedback on trials when the tank was lost due to lack of time. These results are discussed in relation to Berkowitz's [1993] model of affective aggression. Aggr. Behav. 24:27–36, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Preserved visual lexicosemantics in global aphasia: a right-hemisphere contribution?

Extensive testing of a patient, GP, who encountered large-scale destruction of left-hemisphere (LH) language regions was undertaken in order to address several issues concerning the ability of nonperisylvian areas to extract meaning from printed words. Testing revealed recognition of superordinate boundaries of animals, tools, vegetables, fruit, clothes, and furniture. GP was able to distinguish proper names from other nouns and from nonwords. GP was also able to differentiate words representing living things from those denoting nonliving things. The extent of LH infarct resulting in a global impairment to phonological and syntactic processing suggests LH specificity for these functions but considerable right-hemisphere (RH) participation in visual lexicosemantic processing. The relative preservation of visual lexicosemantic abilities despite severe impairment to all aspects of phonological coding demonstrates the importance of the direct route to the meaning of single printed words.