梁启超《管子》研究的特色与影响

梁启超是清末民初的著名学者,一身兼有旧学和新学影响,在《管子》研究上也有所建树。他的《管子》研究,正处于变法维新时期,他以今文经学的宗旨为指导思想,通过对中西方制度等方面的对比,试图找到改变中国命运的一剂良方。《管子》是礼法并重、制度以刚柔相济为要,故而十分符合梁启超的初衷。他结合自己的学术研究,通过《管子》书来评价管仲,并突显了《管子》的经济与法治思想,这是其《管子》研究的特色,并在《管子》真伪的讨论、义理的研究和管子形象的提升上对后世产生深远的影响。     

The influence of age and gender on ultra-rapid categorization

ABSTRACT

In ultra-rapid categorization studies, population-level reaction time differences in performance are consistently reported. In a previous study, we replicated these findings and also observed consistent gender differences in young adults (18–24 years old). We now tested a group of adolescents (11–16 years old) on the same ultra-rapid categorization tasks. Results indicated that age had a significant impact on categorization performance. Although women outperformed men during adulthood, this effect reversed in adolescence (boys faster than girls). This gender x age interaction for categorizing meaningful (non-)social visual scenes could be caused by gender-specific development processes underlying emotion regulation strategies and/or context sensitivity.     

Experienced utility: Utility theory from Jeremy Bentham to Daniel Kahneman

Utility is sometimes defined as being a way to summarise choice, and sometimes as the benefit we get from experience. In economics, the twentieth century saw the former definition supplant the latter. Recent research by Kahneman and colleagues has undertaken to resurrect the latter definition under the heading of “experience utility”. In this paper I give a brief history of the concept of experience utility, and examine three normative claims that have been made about it: that it avoids the problem of dependent utilities, that it can be measured from an invariant “zero point”, and that it allows intrapersonal comparison of utilities.     

‘Emotional turbulence’: the development of symbolic thinking in the psychotherapeutic treatment of an adolescent girl

Abstract

This paper is drawn from doctoral research which analysed clinical data from the once weekly psychotherapy of a young person who experienced both gender identity dysphoria and an eating disorder and whose depression had proved resistant to other interventions. Based on the psychoanalytic thinking of Klein, Segal, Bion and others regarding the role of symbolisation in development, the links between symbol formation, the depressive position and the negotiation of the Oedipus complex are outlined. Special attention is given to current thinking about the nature and genesis of gender identity dysphoria in the light of these concepts. The association with autistic features for a number of cases is briefly explored. In the light of these theoretical links, findings from the study are used to investigate and illustrate the movement this patient made within her therapy from an emotionally turbulent position where concrete thinking was manifest, to a more symbolic way of thinking that allowed emotional change, and less concrete acting out. Clinical narrative excerpts as well as findings from the study are used to discuss the progress made by the patient and to evaluate how her journey may inform future practice.     

孙诒让管子研究之特色与影响

道咸以来,考据学渐衰,《管子》研究也随之进入了平缓时期。生活于清末的学者孙诒让,在《管子》研究史上承前启后,乃清末考据学之杰出者。他的《札迻》引经据典,校勘辨疑,极有乾嘉之遗风。特别是其中的《管子》部分,充分体现其学术思想,无论内容还是特色,很有典型性。后世学者校读《管子》,多以不同版本对勘,再参以前人之成果,注重多重证据,就是受了孙诒让《管子》研究的影响。     

Similarity and difference in the processing of same- and other-race faces as revealed by eye tracking in 4- to 9-month-olds

Fixation duration for same-race (i.e., Asian) and other-race (i.e., Caucasian) female faces by Asian infant participants between 4 and 9 months of age was investigated with an eye-tracking procedure. The age range tested corresponded with prior reports of processing differences between same- and other-race faces observed in behavioral looking time studies, with preference for same-race faces apparent at 3 months of age and recognition memory differences in favor of same-race faces emerging between 3 and 9 months of age. The eye-tracking results revealed both similarity and difference in infants’ processing of own- and other-race faces. There was no overall fixation time difference between same race and other race for the whole face stimuli. In addition, although fixation time was greater for the upper half of the face than for the lower half of the face and trended higher on the right side of the face than on the left side of the face, face race did not impact these effects. However, over the age range tested, there was a gradual decrement in fixation time on the internal features of other-race faces and a maintenance of fixation time on the internal features of same-race faces. Moreover, the decrement in fixation time for the internal features of other-race faces was most prominent on the nose. The findings suggest that (a) same-race preferences may be more readily evidenced in paired comparison testing formats, (b) the behavioral decline in recognition memory for other-race faces corresponds in timing with a decline in fixation on the internal features of other-race faces, and (c) the center of the face (i.e., the nose) is a differential region for processing same- versus other-race faces by Asian infants.     

The memory is in the details: Relations between memory for the specific features of events and long-term recall during infancy

The second year of life is marked by pronounced changes in the length of time over which events are remembered. We tested whether the age-related differences are related to differences in memory for the specific features of events. In our study, 16- and 20-month-olds were tested for immediate and long-term recall of individual actions and temporal order of actions of three-step sequences in an elicited imitation paradigm as well as for forced-choice recognition of the specific feature of the props used to produce the sequences. Memory for the props was related to long-term recall of the events only for the 20-month-olds. It accounted for unique variance above and beyond the variance explained by immediate recall of the individual actions and the temporal order of actions of the sequences. The different pattern of relations in the older and younger infants seemingly reflects a developmental difference in the determinants of long-term recall over the second year of life.     

韵律特征对句法结构歧义解歧作用的实验研究

本研究通过对不同类型歧义句的语义理解实验并结合声学参数测量分析研究了韵律特征对不同类型歧义句的解歧作用,同时对韵律特征消解层次切分歧义的机制问题进行了深入探讨。实验结果表明,韵律对不同类型歧义句解歧效果不一。对层次切分歧义句的深入研究表明,歧义音节的前后停顿时长是消解层次切分歧义的最主要的手段。     

CHRM3基因与孤独症谱系障碍

孤独症谱系障碍是一类具有遗传基础的儿童发展障碍疾病。近些年, 研究者们从分子病理学层面发现中枢胆碱能神经系统异常与孤独症患者认知和行为异常存在相关性。尸检研究、临床案例、动物模型研究均发现毒蕈碱型(M型)乙酰胆碱受体异常和孤独症的发生有着密切的关系。在以小鼠为模型的行为学研究中, 编码毒蕈碱型乙酰胆碱受体Ⅲ亚型的CHRM3基因突变会导致小鼠出现认知障碍、刻板行为等孤独症样表现。深入了解CHRM3基因的功能将能够帮助研究者进一步解释孤独症的相关行为特征, 为孤独症儿童教育方案的制定提供新的思路和方法。     

Lexically-driven syntactic priming

Syntactic priming studies demonstrate that exposure to a particular syntactic structure leads speakers to reproduce the same structure in subsequent utterances. Explanations for this phenomenon rely on either the retrieval of morphosyntactic features associated with the verb in the prime sentence or the preservation of the mapping between message and word sequences in the prime sentence. Two experiments test the featural account of syntactic priming. We used single word primes to investigate the dative alternation in German (Experiment 1) and Dutch (Experiment 2). Native speakers read ditransitive verbs that are restricted either to the prepositional (dative) or double object construction, followed by pictures that can be described with either structure. We find that a single verb in isolation is sufficient to bias speakers' production preferences supporting lexically-driven accounts of syntactic priming.