Resilience matters: Explaining the association between personality and psychological functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background/ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to elucidate the underlying mechanism through which basic personality dimensions predict indicators of psychological functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic, including subjective well-being and perceived stress. As a personality characteristic highly contextualized in stressful circumstances, resilience was expected to have a mediating role in this relationship. Method: A sample of 2,722 Slovene adults, aged from 18 to 82 years filled in the Big Five Inventory, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Mental Health Continuum. A path analysis with the Bootstrap estimation procedure was performed to evaluate the mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between personality and psychological functioning. Results: Resilience fully or partially mediated the relationships between all the Big Five but extraversion with subjective well-being and stress experienced at the beginning of the COVID-19 outburst. Neuroticism was the strongest predictor of less adaptive psychological functioning both directly and through diminished resilience. Conclusions: Resilience may be a major protective factor required for an adaptive response of an individual in stressful situations such as pandemic and the associated lockdown.     

Stepfamily Relationship Quality and Children's Internalizing and Externalizing Problems

The stepfamily literature is replete with between‐group analyses by which youth residing in stepfamilies are compared to youth in other family structures across indicators of adjustment and well‐being. Few longitudinal studies examine variation in stepfamily functioning to identify factors that promote the positive adjustment of stepchildren over time. Using a longitudinal sample of 191 stepchildren (56% female, mean age = 11.3 years), the current study examines the association between the relationship quality of three central stepfamily dyads (stepparent–child, parent–child, and stepcouple) and children's internalizing and externalizing problems concurrently and over time. Results from path analyses indicate that higher levels of parent–child affective quality are associated with lower levels of children's concurrent internalizing and externalizing problems at Wave 1. Higher levels of stepparent–child affective quality are associated with decreases in children's internalizing and externalizing problems at Wave 2 (6 months beyond baseline), even after controlling for children's internalizing and externalizing problems at Wave 1 and other covariates. The stepcouple relationship was not directly linked to youth outcomes. Our findings provide implications for future research and practice.     

Multiple Levels of Family Factors and Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms Among Chinese Children

Family factors are closely associated with child developmental outcomes. This study examined the relationship of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms and factors at whole family, dyadic, and individual levels in Chinese children. Participants, who were recruited from 14 primary schools in north, east, and south‐west China, included 80 father‐child dyads and 169 mother‐child dyads. Children in the participating dyads were previously diagnosed with ODD. Results revealed that family cohesion/adaptability was indirectly associated with ODD symptoms via parent–child relationship and child emotion regulation. Parent–child relationship affected ODD symptoms directly and indirectly through child emotion regulation. In addition, the effects of family cohesion/adaptability on parent emotion regulation and child emotion regulation were mediated by the parent–child relationship. The tested model provides a comprehensive framework of how family factors at multiple levels are related to child ODD symptoms and highlights the importance of understanding child emotional and behavioral problems within the family context, more specifically within the multiple levels of family relationships.     

Coparenting and Children's School Readiness: A Mediational Model

We examined the long‐term direct and indirect links between coparenting (conflict, communication, and shared decision‐making) and preschoolers' school readiness (math, literacy, and social skills). The study sample consisted of 5,650 children and their biological mothers and fathers who participated in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study‐Birth Cohort. Using structural equation modeling and controlling for background characteristics, we found that our conceptual model of the pathways from coparenting to child outcomes is structurally the same for cohabiting and married families. Controlling for a host of background characteristics, we found that coparenting conflict and shared decision‐making were negatively and positively, respectively, linked to children's academic and social skills and co‐parental communication was indirectly linked to academic and social skills through maternal supportiveness. Coparenting conflict was also indirectly linked to children's social skills through maternal depressive symptoms. The overall findings suggest that for both cohabiting and married families, the context of conflicted coparenting may interfere with the development of children's social competencies and academic skills, whereas collaborative coparenting promotes children's school readiness because mothers are more responsive to their children's needs. These findings have implications for programs aimed at promoting positive family processes in cohabiting and married families.     

Coparenting Interventions for Fragile Families: What Do We Know and Where Do We Need To Go Next?

With a large and growing share of American families now forming outside of marriage, triangular infant–mother–father relationship systems in “fragile families” have begun to attract the interest of family scholars and clinicians. A relatively novel conceptualization has concerned the feasibility of intervening to support the development of a sustained and positive coparenting alliance between mothers and fathers who have not made an enduring relationship commitment to one another. At this point in time, there are very few published outcome studies of programs explicitly conceived to help build coparenting alliances in such families. This article reviews what we currently know from this evolving field of study, and from those related responsible fatherhood and marriage and relationship enhancement (MRE) initiatives that included any explicit targeting, strengthening, and assessment of fragile family coparenting in their designs. We summarize lessons learned thus far from Access and Visitation (AV) programs for non‐residential fathers, from MRE programs for low‐income, unmarried couples, and from newer programs for fragile families directly designed to target and support coparenting per se. We close with recommendations for charting this important new family process terrain.     

The Effects of Parental Education and Family Income on Mother–Child Relationships,Father–Child Relationships,and Family Environments in the People's Republic of China

Using a cross‐sectional design with 407 Chinese children aged 3–5 years and their parents, this study examined the effects of socioeconomic status, specifically parents' education and family income, on the children's mother–child relationships, father–child relationships, and the social environment in their families. The results indicated that income negatively predicted conflict in father–child relationships and positively predicted family active‐recreational environments. Income also positively predicted family cohesion among girls but not boys. Maternal education negatively predicted conflict in mother–child relationships and positively predicted closeness in mother–child and father–child relationships, family cohesion, and the intellectual‐cultural and active‐recreational environments in the family. Paternal education positively predicted family cohesion and intellectual‐cultural and active‐recreational environments. Income was found to partially mediate the effects of both maternal and paternal education on family active‐recreational environments. Findings are discussed in the frameworks of the family stress model and the family investment model.     

Intencionalidad,significado y representación en la encrucijada de las “ciencias” del conocimiento

Resumen

Este trabajo pretende llevar a cabo una discusión crítica de los conceptos de “intencionalidad”, “significado” y “representación” a través de la consideración del conjunto polémico formado por las principales alternativas que en la actualidad están en juego sobre estos tópicos, y por tanto procurando hacerse cargo de la unidad polémica de sentido del debate actual sobre dichas cuestiones. Para ello, se propone una caracterización fenoménico- operatoria y constructivista de aquellos tres conceptos en los ámbitos zoológico y antropológico que pueda servir como crítica de las siguientes alternativas: (a) la concepción dualista-representacionaldel conocimiento, (b) el fisicalismo positivista, (c) el relativismo sociologista de corte pragmatista y (d) el proyecto de naturalización de la epistemología en clave evolucionista.     

Interacciones educativas en la familia. La estimulación del desarrollo cognitivo y lingüístico de los hijos

Resumen

En el presente artículo se realiza una revisión de las principales vías y mecanismos a través de los que los padres estimulan el desarrollo cognitivo y lingüístico de sus hijos en sus interacciones con ellos. A partir de la literatura analizada, se concluye que estimular adecuadamente el desarrollo infantil supone negociar el significado de las actividades conjuntas, animar y apoyar las intervenciones infantiles en las mismas, proporcionar apoyos para realizar las actividades de modo cada vez más autónomo y dirigirles un lenguaje progresivamente más complejo y abstracto, de modo que se fomente el distanciamiento infantil del presente inmediato.     

La teoría de Piaget sobre el desarrollo del conocimiento espacial

Resumen

Este artículo presenta un resumen de la teoría de Piaget y sus colaboradores sobre el conocimiento del espacio. En primer lugar se analizan los aspectos principales de la teoría del desarrollo de las nociones espaciales en relación con el desarrollo cognitivo; se continúa con la descripción de los tipos de experimentos utilizados para el estudio del espacio topológico, espacio proyectivo y espacio euclidiano; se concluye poniendo de manifiesto la relevancia del trabajo piagetiano sobre las posteriores investigaciones acerca de la cognición espacial.     

La psicología de los constructos personales: historia,presupuestos y alcance de una teoría

RESUMEN

La psicología de los constructos personales ha venido siendo casi una cita obligada en múltiples áreas del discurso psicológico, y la idea del “constructo personal” se ha convertido en una repetida alusión. El actual “constructivismo psicológico” ha podido contribuir a esta presencia. Este es un artículo de introducción al tema que intenta rescatar la historia de la psicología de los constructos personales, su definición, presupuestos, y el alcance que ha tenido y tiene, así como su ámbito de investigación.