Obediencia institucional en el laboratorio

Resumen

La presente investigación consistió en una réplica de los paradigmas experimentales de Milgram y Darley y Latané sobre conformidad y conducta de ayuda. Se utilizaron 28 S divididos en un grupo de control y uno experimental. La V.I. era la presencia o ausencia de una supuesta víctima que, en una estancia contigua, recibía descargas eléctricas contra su voluntad. La V.D. estudiada era la obediencia o no a las instrucciones del experimentador por parte de los S en ambas situaciones. Los resultados confirman los de anteriores trabajos al observarse altos porcentajes de conductas conformistas. Por último se discuten tales datos en base a su relevancia ecológica.     

Estilo nomádico y estilo cognitivo

RESUMEN

El autor trata el desarrollo de la conducta en función del ambiente ecológico y cultural en que vive un grupo de personas, prestando atención especial a la adaptación ecológica denominada “estilo nomádico” y a las conductas llamadas “estilos cognitivos”. La investigación tiene como objetivo comprender las relaciones sistemáticas entre ambos, repasando estos conceptos teóricos y exponiendo el modelo que la guía. La hipótesis es que tanto factores ecológicos como culturales (y de socialización) posibilitan hacer predicciones a nivel conductual. A continuación se describen cinco de las tareas examinadas, las muestras y los resultados del estudio. En la discusión el autor considera éstos desde diversas perspectivas, afirmando que el estilo cognitivo de un individuo está claramente en función del estilo nomádico del grupo en que ha crecido. Por último concluye que las diferencias entre grupos probablemente se han desarrollado en función de una adaptación cultural a largo plazo a las presiones ecológicas, y en menor término como respuesta a una adapatación a corto plazo a la aculturación; también destaca que el único criterio de inteligencia es el de la utilidad o valor adapatativo para un conjunto de problemas vitales, no siendo posibles criterios generales o universales.     

La intervención psicológica en el SUMMA 112 tras los atentados del 11-M en Madrid

Resumen

Este trabajo describe la creación y puesta en marcha del Dispositivo Especial de Atención Psicológica en el Servicio de Urgencia Médica de Madrid (SUMMA 112), tras los atentados terroristas del 11 de marzo de 2004 en Madrid. Se detallan además las intervenciones psicológicas realizadas, de acuerdo con los principios de inmediatez y proximidad de la intervención en crisis, por vía telefónica y en el domicilio del afectado. Asimismo, se diseñó un protocolo de seguimiento que comenzó a aplicarse tres meses después de los atentados, a una muestra de 250 personas que habían solicitado atención psicológica al Dispositivo. Los resultados iniciales arrojan un 64% de víctimas directas con estrés postraumático.     

Mid‐ and Long‐Term Effects of Family Constellation Seminars in a General Population Sample: 8‐ and 12‐Month Follow‐Up

In a previous randomized controlled trial (RCT), short‐term efficacy of family constellation seminars (FCSs) in a general population sample was demonstrated. In this article, we examined mid‐ and long‐term stability of these effects. Participants were 104 adults (M = 47 years; SD = 9; 84% female) who were part of the intervention group in the original RCT (3‐day FCS; 64 active participants and 40 observing participants). FCSs were carried out according to manuals. It was predicted that FCSs would improve psychological functioning (Outcome Questionnaire OQ‐45.2) at 8‐ and 12‐month follow‐up. Additionally, we assessed the effects of FCSs on psychological distress, motivational incongruence, individuals’ experience in their personal social systems, and overall goal attainment. Participants yielded significant improvement in psychological functioning (d = 0.41 at 8‐month follow‐up, p = .000; d = 0.40 at 12‐month follow‐up, p = .000). Results were confirmed for psychological distress, motivational incongruence, the participants’ experience in their personal social systems, and overall goal attainment. No adverse events were reported. This study provides first evidence for the mid‐ and long‐term efficacy of FCSs in a nonclinical population. The implications of the findings are discussed.     

Mapping the psyche-civilization relationship: how overcoming conceptual dualisms can help us better comprehend the trajectory of the human race

Global living standards have increased considerably as a result of the progress brought about by human civilization. However, ecological crises, global nuclear armament and an increasing sense of psychological discontent are among a list of things that bring into question the nature of modernity. Often these large-scale collective issues seem too overwhelming for the individual to ponder in any great depth and thus the question, ‘how are we, as individuals, supposed to address the problems facing broader humanity?’ remains. This paper suggests that it is the underlying conceptual dualisms that prevent an answer to this question, and by mapping the interaction between psyche and civilization, the actions necessary to correct the trajectory of Western civilization may become apparent.     

Alchemical dragons: Winnicott’s reaching towards the objective psyche

This paper was presented to the inaugural joint conference of The Society of Analytical Psychology and the West Midlands Institute of Psychotherapy in the autumn of 2020. It develops the author’s interest (2011, 2015, 2016) in Winnicott’s engagement with Jung by looking at the imagery of Michael Maier’s alchemical work of 1617, Atalanta Fugiens, through the lens of Matte Blanco’s bi-logic.     

The link between stress,well-being,and psychological flexibility during an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy self-help intervention

Background/Objective: Prolonged stress can overwhelm coping resources, leading people to seek mental health care. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is an intervention that enhances well-being and reduces distress, assumedly by means of increasing psychological flexibility (PF). We examined the association between a total increase in PF during an intervention and decreases in stress and increases in well-being during and after the intervention. Method: The intervention was a randomized controlled trial of an ACT-based self-help intervention. Participants were 91 individuals reporting elevated levels of work-related stress. Measurements were completed at preintervention, postintervention, and 3-month follow-up. Results: Structural equation models revealed that the total increase in PF during the intervention was negatively associated with a decrease in stress (b = -0.63, SE = 0.14, p < .001) and positively associated with an increase in well-being during the intervention (b = 0.48, SE = 0.11, p < .001), but not with a decrease in stress (b = 0.03, SE = 0.27, p > .05) and well-being (b = -0.04, SE = 0.39, p > .05) following the intervention. Conclusions: Our study provides empirical support for decreasing stress and promoting well-being through ACT and emphasizes the potential of PF in promoting well-being.     

Spanish validation of the Parental Acceptance Questionnaire (6-PAQ)

Background/ObjectivePsychological flexibility is an ability with positive effects in health, also in the field parenting. The aim of this study is to validate the Parental Acceptance Questionnaire (6-PAQ) in Spanish sample.MethodA total of 426 parents (96.3% female), with an average age of 38.25 years (SD = 5.76) and with at least one child between 3 and 16 years old participated. Participants completed the 6PAQ and other instruments assessing experiential avoidance, thought suppression, satisfaction with life and symptoms of anxiety and depression.ResultsIn comparison with the original model, the three-factor structural solution with 16 items obtained a better adjustment (CFI = .996; GFI = .998; TLI = .995; RMSE = .016) that refer to response styles related to psychological flexibility (open, aware and active). The 6-PAQ adaptation has shown good internal consistency, with a Cronbach alpha of .81 and a McDonald's omega of .86 for the scale, and evidence of convergent validity with significant correlations with measure of avoidance, thought suppression, satisfaction with life and anxiety.ConclusionsThe Spanish version of the 6-PAQ with the three-factor structure presents psychometric property to be considered a reliable measure and a valid instrument for the evaluation of parental psychological flexibility.     

Las técnicas multivariadas de análisis y predicción en psicología del trabajo

RESUMEN

En este trabajo se delinean los modelos teóricos, así como algunos de los procedimientos empíricos que permitirán un enfoque científico-profesional en el amplio cúmulo de tareas que suele absorber y ocupar al psicólogo del trabajo. Todo ello centrándose en un criterio clave, tanto en la órbita pública como privada, y que desde sus inciertos orígenes ha guiado los esfuerzos, observaciones y constataciones de los psicólogos diferenciales: el rendimiento a través de los logros. En otros contextos se alude a este criterio, como si de una novedad psicológica se tratara, con un término tan rebuscado como sugestivo: “validez ecológica”.