人事测评中的概化理论应用

概化理论是现代心理与教育测量理论之一,可应用在各种人事测评中,如表现性评价、多源评估、心理测验、结构化面试、水平测试、工作分析、评价中心等.与经典测量理论相比,概化理论应用于人事测评,表现出较强的优势,能够同时考察多种因素、确定多个维度权重等,其应用对象主要包括两大类,即企业和机构.概化理论应用于人事测评,存在应用领域、样本数据、测评效度和微观分析等问题.     

Alternative solutions for optimization problems in generalizability theory

Solutions for the problem of maximizing the generalizability coefficient under a budget constraint are presented. It is shown that the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality can be applied to derive optimal continuous solutions for the number of conditions of each facet. The author thanks Sjoerd Baas and Agnes Broeren for their many helpful remarks.     

A generalization of coefficient alpha

It is well known that coefficient alpha can be used to estimate the reliability of a test even when the test is split into several parts. It is also known that alpha can severely underestimate test reliability when the several parts have an unequal number of items. A gernalization of alpha,β _k, is proposed to correct this defect. Several properties ofβ _k are also presented. The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Dr. Leonard Feldt for reviewing an earlier draft of this paper, and Ms. Rita Karwacki Bode and Mr. Dave Mansell for the analysis of the experimental data reported here. The comments of an unknown referee which contributed substantially to the clarity of the presentation are also gratefully acknowledged.     

Signal/noise ratios for domain-referenced tests

Using the assumption of randomly parallel tests and concepts from generalizability theory, three signal/noise ratios for domain-referenced tests are developed, discussed, and compared. The three ratios have the same noise but different signals depending upon the kind of decision to be made as a result of measurement. It is also shown that these ratios incorporate a definition of noise or error which is different from the classical definition of noise typically used to characterize norm-referenced tests. Part of the work leading to this paper was accomplished while the authors were assistant professors at the State University of New York at Stony Brook.     

Toward a dependable measure of reflection-impulsivity: An application of generalizability theory

Generalizability theory was applied to the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF) to analyze the dependability of the MFF as a measure of reflection-impulsivity at four grade levels: second, third, fourth, and fifth. A completely crossed, two-facet random model design was used to provide a multidimensional framework for examining the dependability of the MFF. Components of variance and coefficients of generalizability were derived from this design for the MFF error and latency scores at each grade level. Results showed that the MFF latency score was a more dependable measure than the MFF error score. In addition, the number of testing occasions made a more significant contribution to the generalizability of the MFF than the number of items. Coefficients of generalizability based on extrapolated items and occasions were also computed, providing the basis for improving the dependability of the MFF in future research. Overall, results indicate that the traditional method of allowing multiple trials for each item contributes to the imprecision of the MFF error score. An alternative procedure for administering the MFF is recommended.Portions of this article were presented at the annual convention of the American Educational Research Association, Toronto, Canada, March 1978. At various times during the conduct and completion of the present article, the first author was affiliated with the Los Angeles Unified School District and the University of California, Los Angeles.     

Association coefficients of identity and proportionality for metric scales

Zegers' (1986) chance-corrected coefficients of association are derived by alternative methods. A different definition of chance correction is used. It is shown that our correction and that of Zegers are identical for large samples. Three possible assumptions for the derivation of metric coefficients are examined. The first, variable reflection, formulated by Zegers and ten Berge (1985), leads to coefficients that require chance-correction. Two other assumptions, zero covariance and covariance reflection, are proposed and it is shown that the latter two assumptions lead directly to coefficients of identity and proportionality that do not require chance correction (i.e., are identical to the Zegers, 1986, corrected coefficients).We are indebted to Robyn M. Dawes, Carnegie-Mellon University, for stimulating our interest in this project, and for helpful suggestions.     

测验同质性系数及其区间估计

在决定将多维测验分数合并成测验总分时, 应当考虑测验同质性。如果同质性太低, 合成总分没有什么意义。同质性高低可以用同质性系数来衡量。用来计算同质性系数的模型是近年来受到关注的双因子模型(既有全局因子又有局部因子), 测验的同质性系数定义为测验分数方差中全局因子分数方差所占的比例。本文用Delta法推导出计算同质性系数的标准误公式, 进而计算其置信区间。提供了简单的计算同质性系数及其置信区间的程序。用一个例子说明如何估计同质性系数及其置信区间, 通过模拟比较了用Delta法和用Bootstrap法计算的置信区间, 发现两者差异很小。     

Psychometric properties of the Danish MCMI-I translation

A translation of the MCMI-I has been in use in Denmark for some years. An untested assumption in the interpretation of the pattern of test results is that the psychometric characteristics of the Danish and American versions are similar. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire by using traditional psychometric analysis techniques on the results of a sample consisting of 423 patients and 179 normal controls. Coefficient alpha was calculated for the 20 clinical subscales of the test and the Danish results were strikingly similar to the original coefficients reported by Millon. Furthermore, factor analysis of the subscales showed a factor structure very similar to American findings, and it is concluded that the psychometric properties of the Danish MCMI are not significantly different from the original.     

High-pressure electrical resistivity behaviour of nanocrystalline perovskite (La,Sr)(Mn,Fe)O3

We report here the electrical resistivity of nanocrystalline perovskite-structured La–Sr manganites as a function of pressures up to 8?GPa, at room temperature. The nanocrystalline perovskite manganites were prepared by the sol–gel technique and found to have crystallite sizes of 12–18?nm. The pressure dependence of the electrical resistivity shows a first-order phase transition at 0.66(2)?GPa and a subtle phase transition between 3.5 and 3.8?GPa. The first-order transition at 0.66?GPa can be related to the transition from localized-electron to band magnetism.     

Effect of Reward Contingency on Intrinsic Motivation

The effects of type of task and type of reward contingency on intrinsic motivation for subsequent task performance were investigated. The sample consisted of 50 young Indian adults. The results showed a significantly greater amount of free choice time spent on a heuristic task rather than an algorithmic task. The verbal measures of intrinsic motivation yielded a significant effect of reward contingency with greater intrinsic motivation under performance-contingent reward, followed by task-contingent and no-reward conditions, respectively. The results support self-determination and competence processes as important mediators of intrinsic motivation.