jimi adams  David R. Schaefer  Andrea Vest Ettekal 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2020,59(1):39-61

This research addresses the intersection of two key domains of adolescents’ lives: religion and peer networks. Religion scholars argue that religion is multi-faceted and better understood by focusing on combinations of indicators (i.e., mosaics), versus a variable-centered approach. We adopt this framework and investigate the interplay between religion and peer networks, both in how religious mosaics are shaped by friends and how religious profiles affect friend selection dynamics. With data from two schools in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we estimate religious mosaics using latent class analysis (LCA) to identify profiles consisting of combinations of commonly available survey-based measures of religious attitudes, behaviors, and identities. Finding evidence of theoretically expected profiles, we then use stochastic actor–based models (SABMs) to investigate network dynamics for these LCA-based religious profiles. We demonstrate how the profile data can be integrated within the SABM framework to evaluate processes of friend selection and influence. Results show evidence of adolescents influencing one another's religious mosaics, but not selecting friends on that basis.  相似文献   

    

Keiko Takahashi  Mika Hirai  Jing Hou  Hiroshi Shimizu 《The Japanese psychological research》2020,62(2):101-115

This article proposed an affective relationships model with its assessment instrument and examined how Chinese and Japanese adolescents and young adults construct mental representations of their close relationships, and the influence of Confucian cultural beliefs on these representations. The participants were 1,565 students aged 14 to 24 years living in China or Japan. The students were asked about their relationships with four figures: mother, father, closest friend, and romantic partner. We found that: (a) adolescents and young adults in both cultures constructed constellations of relationships containing multiple figures, and they articulated reasons for each figure's significance; and (b) there were between-group differences in the relationships with the father and the romantic partner for Chinese versus Japanese adolescents and young adults. These differences were partly explained by the influence of Confucianism on the Chinese participants’ cultural beliefs that retained the patriarchal values.  相似文献   

    

Yuri Alexandrov  Olga Svarnik  Irina Znamenskaya  Marina Kolbeneva  Karina Arutyunova  Andrey Krylov  Alexandra Bulava  Brian Feldman 《The Journal of analytical psychology》2020,65(3):476-496

As shown in our previous paper (‘Regression I. Experimental approaches to regression’, JAP, 65, 2, 345-65), the common mechanism of regression can be described as reversible dedifferentiation, which is understood as a relative increase of the proportion of low-differentiated (older) systems in actualized experience. Experimental data show that regression following disease (chronic tension headache) is followed by adaptation and an increase in system differentiation in that experience domain which contains systems responsible for that adaptation. The results of mathematical modelling support the idea that reversible dedifferentiation can be one of the mechanisms for increasing the effectiveness of adaptation through learning. Reversible dedifferentiation, which is phenomenologically described as regression, is a general mechanism for restructuring the organism-environment interactions in situations where behaviours that were effective in the past become ineffective. Reversible dedifferentiation has evolved as a component of adaptation when new behaviours are formed and large-scale modifications in the existing behaviours are required in the face of changes in the external and/or internal environment. Thus, the authors believe that this article provides evidence for Jung’s view that regression is not only a ‘return’ to past forms of thinking, affects and behaviour, but that regressive processes provide a significant impetus for psychological growth and development.  相似文献   

    

Charlotte C. Mann  Amanda M. Karsten 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(1):402-421

Better conversational skills correspond to a higher quality of life for adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, we taught vocal–verbal responses discriminated by compound arrangements of concealed conversation partner mands to two college students with ASD. Participants learned to engage in self-questioning about their conversation partner's behavior and to reinforce three concealed mands for termination of an aversive conversation scenario. We assessed generalization to conversation probes with trained confederates and to interactions with untrained conversational partners (e.g., peers, professors). Finally, we collected peer ratings of the social validity of changes in conversational behavior as well as participants' ratings of study goals, procedures, and outcomes.  相似文献   

    

Maria J. A. Verbeek  Mark A. Hommes  Sarah E. Stutterheim  Jacques J. D. M. van Lankveld  Arjan E. R. Bos 《International Journal of Transgenderism》2020,21(2):220-233

Abstract

Background: Transgender individuals belong to one of the most stigmatized groups in society. Although the social stigma of transgender individuals has been examined many times, post transition stigma experiences among transgender individuals have received limited research attention. The aim of this study was to examine experiences with stigmatization among Dutch transgender individuals after their transition.

Method: Ten trans women (age: M?=?58.50, SD?=?9.49) and 10 trans men (age: M?=?42.90, SD?=?13.62) participated in face-to-face semistructured interviews. Grounded theory was used to conceptualize and analyze the data. We examined the positive and negative reactions that transgender individuals experienced in the period after their transition. Furthermore, we explored differences between experiences of trans men and trans women. Finally, we examined differences between cisgender men and women regarding their reactions toward transgender individuals.

Results: Participants reported improved psychological well-being since transition. However, they still experienced different forms of stigmatization. Trans women appeared to experience stronger social stigma than trans men. Trans women also experienced lower social status after their transition. They mainly experienced negative responses from cisgender men. Participants emphasized the importance of social and peer support.

Conclusion: The current study findings demonstrate the presence of stigmatization after transition and argue for psychological aftercare. Social and peer support appeared to be important for coping with stigmatization, and improving the social network of transgender individuals is beneficial. Health providers and researchers are recommended to promote the development of constructive coping skills for transgender individuals with interventions especially targeting trans women.  相似文献   

    

Laura K. Taylor 《Child Development Perspectives》2020,14(3):127-134

The persistence of intergroup conflicts around the world creates urgency for research on child development in such settings. Complementing what we know about internalizing and externalizing developmental outcomes, in this article, I shift the focus to children’s prosocial behaviors and more specifically, the Developmental Peacebuilding Model (DPM). The DPM makes three main contributions: It (a) integrates a developmental intergroup framework and socioecological perspective with a peace-building paradigm to examine the target and type of children’s prosocial behavior in settings of intergroup conflict; (b) outlines how children’s outgroup prosocial behaviors, which promote constructive change at different levels of social ecology, can be understood as peace building and fostering social cohesion; and (c) has implications for research and global policy.  相似文献   

    

Milica Nikolić 《Child Development Perspectives》2020,14(4):258-264

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common mental disorders and becomes chronic if left untreated. Even when it is treated, outcomes are less promising than for other anxiety disorders. Thus, many are interested in preventing SAD and in the mechanisms involved in the development of SAD. In this article, I propose in a new model that disturbances in social cognition (cognitive biases, emotion recognition and understanding, negative expectations) and dysregulated social emotions (social fear and self-conscious emotional arousal) in toddlerhood and early childhood lead to avoidance and high levels of anxiety in social situations. When repeated over time, these impair daily functioning and result in a disorder. Biological factors (e.g., fearful temperament), environmental factors (e.g., parental mentalizing), and past experiences may be distal factors that contribute to the development of SAD via disturbed sociocognitive processing and dysregulated emotions. Based on this model, I conclude by describing clinical implications and recommendations for research.  相似文献   

    

Emma Barkus 《PsyCh Journal》2020,9(2):258-279

Working memory training is widely used transdiagnostically to improve cognition. However, more recently, studies using working memory training packages have targeted emotion‐regulation outcomes to determine whether far transfer effects can be achieved. A narrative review is conducted of studies that have used standardized computerized working memory training packages across healthy volunteers, affect, anxiety, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and eating disordered populations with emotion‐regulation outcomes. Working memory training has been used in children, adolescents, and adults to improve emotion regulation. Many studies have reported gains in mood as well as emotion‐regulation strategies following working memory training, regardless of clinical indication and whether near transfer gains were achieved in cognitive domains. Significant emotion‐regulation outcomes include: state and trait anxiety, rumination, brooding, positive appraisal, decreasing maladaptive emotion‐regulation strategies, and decreasing intrusive thoughts. It is speculated that these far transfer outcomes from working memory training are possible due to the cognitive and neural overlap between cognitive and affective working memory, and emotion regulation. Working memory training could improve cognitive efficiency, which, in turn, increases the availability of cognitive resources during times when emotion regulation is taxed. Future studies need to consider the role of participant expectancy in predicting outcome measure performance, and including subjective and objective outcomes is paramount to study design. Furthermore, sample sizes require additional attention, given that the current review highlights that individual differences in non‐clinical and clinical populations influence the outcomes from working memory training. Working memory training offers a possibility for improving emotion regulation transdiagnostically.  相似文献   

    

Kathryn E. Lewandowski  Talia R. Cohen  Dost Ongur 《PsyCh Journal》2020,9(2):163-173

Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and related psychotic illnesses are common, serious mental disorders that are often associated with functional impairments and poor quality of life, even after clinical recovery. Cognitive dysfunction is a strong predictor of functional impairment; however, findings regarding relative impairments in functioning and cognition across diagnoses have been mixed, as have reports of the contribution of clinical symptoms and other illness features to functioning across diagnostic boundaries. We assessed 211 patients with psychotic disorders and 87 healthy controls using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, clinical measures of state mood and psychotic symptoms, and an interview measure of community functioning. Diagnostic groups were compared on MATRICS composite and domain scores, and clinical and functional measures. We then examined cognitive, clinical, and demographic predictors of community functioning using stepwise hierarchical linear regression. All three patient groups exhibited deficits in most cognitive domains relative to controls, and significantly poorer community functioning. While scores on most cognitive domains did not differ by diagnosis, when groups did differ patients with schizophrenia performed worse than patients with bipolar disorder. Cognition was correlated with functioning across the sample. The final regression model included negative symptoms, mania, social cognition, and processing speed, and explained 47% of the variance in community functioning scores across patient groups. Residual negative symptoms, residual mania, and social cognition significantly and independently predicted community functioning. These findings indicate that, while all cognitive domains are associated with community outcomes, when considered together and with clinical symptoms, negative symptoms, mania, and social cognition are the strongest predictors across diagnoses. Development of interventions targeting negative symptoms and social cognition may be effective in improving community functioning for patients across diagnoses.  相似文献   

    

Ken Fujiwara;Kosuke Takemura; 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2024,27(1):27-41

Good communication skills facilitate successful interpersonal relationships. However, the specific communication skills (encoding and decoding) required for establishing friendships can vary depending on aspects of the social context. We conducted a two-wave longitudinal study in Japan to investigate the adaptive value of communication skills in different socio-ecological contexts (i.e., different stages of university life). New college students are immersed in a high-level relational mobility environment, where they have a greater range of options for forming new relationships and leaving old ones. Conversely, students beyond their second year experience less relational mobility. Cross-lagged analyses indicated a positive association between decoding skill and friendship satisfaction 3 months later for senior students, who are likely to be in an environment characterised by low relational mobility. However, for first-year students in a high-relational-mobility environment, the association was negative, supporting our hypothesis. Conversely, encoding skill did not demonstrate an association with satisfaction 3 months later. However, it was positively associated with satisfaction at each time point. Another cross-lagged analysis revealed that satisfying relationships helped improve encoding skills. We further explore the socio-ecological aspects related to the adaptive value of communication skills.  相似文献