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Substantial work has demonstrated that early nutrition and home environments, including the degree to which children receive cognitive stimulation and emotional support from parents, play a profound role in influencing early childhood development. Yet, less work has documented the joint influences of parenting and nutritional status on child development among children in the preschool years living in low‐income countries. Using panel data from 2016 to 2017 on the parenting, nutritional status, and early developmental outcomes (executive function, language, early numeracy, and socioemotional problems) of 6,508 Cambodian children ages 3–5 years, our findings demonstrate that inequities in early development associated with family wealth are evident at age 3 and increase among children ages 4 and 5 years. Using hierarchical regression analysis, a significant share of these inequalities is explained by differences in parenting and early nutritional status, measured by stunting. Better‐educated parents engage in more stimulating and supportive parenting practices. However, the positive association between parenting and language and early numeracy outcomes is 35–54% stronger for non‐stunted children, and parental activities explain only about 8–14% of the cognitive gap between the lowest and highest wealth quintiles. The results highlight the need for additional research outlining interactions between environmental factors that link family wealth and child development. 相似文献
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Situating interventions to bridge the intention–behaviour gap: A framework for recruiting nonconscious processes for behaviour change
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This paper presents a situated cognition framework for creating social psychological interventions to bridge the intention–behaviour gap and illustrates this framework by reviewing examples from the domains of health behaviour, environmental behaviour, stereotyping, and aggression. A recurrent problem in behaviour change is the fact that often, intentions are not translated into behaviour, causing the so‐called intention–behaviour gap. Here, it is argued that this happens when situational cues trigger situated conceptualizations, such as habits, impulses, hedonic goals, or stereotypical associations, which can then guide behaviour automatically. To be effective in changing such automatic effects, behaviour change interventions can attempt to change situational cues through cueing interventions such as priming, nudging, upstream policy interventions, or reminders of social norms. Alternatively, behaviour change interventions can attempt to change the underlying situated conceptualizations through training interventions, such as behavioural inhibition training, mindfulness training, or implementation intentions. Examples of situated behaviour change interventions of both types will be discussed across domains, along with recommendations to situate interventions more strongly and thus enhance their effectiveness to change automatic behaviour. Finally, the discussion addresses the difference between tailoring and situating interventions, issues of generalization and long‐term effectiveness, and avenues for further research. 相似文献
13.
Kathryn McAlindon 《American journal of community psychology》2017,60(1-2):242-256
Despite the popularity and noted utility of Wandersman and colleagues' (2008) Interactive Systems Framework, the literature currently provides a primary focus on delivery organizations’ and supportive stakeholders’ capacities and strategies to implement innovations, presenting a critical gap in understanding. Unfortunately, reflective of a larger void in community dissemination and implementation efforts, there is a more limited focus on the dissemination of innovations. This paper presents the social marketing literature as a supplement to the Prevention Synthesis and Translation System (PSTS), the system responsible for dissemination. The study and practice of innovation synthesis and translation is examined in the literature; and based on the conclusions drawn, social marketing theory is used to provide a systematic approach to improving dissemination within the Interactive Systems Framework. Specifically, three gaps related to the PSTS are identified in the literature that align with and can be filled using social marketing. Social marketing is defined and presented as a supplement by providing theory and practices, within a systems context, for effectively communicating and influencing change. By blending social marketing with the Interactive Systems Framework, the aim is to improve the understanding of strategic communication and its role in the effective dissemination, and subsequent implementation, of innovations. 相似文献
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Closing the gap? Some questions for neurophenomenology 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tim Bayne 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2004,3(4):349-364
In his 1996 paper “Neurophenomenology: A methodological remedy for the hard problem,” Francisco Varela called for a union of Husserlian phenomenology and cognitive science. Varela's call hasn't gone unanswered, and recent years have seen the development of a small but growing literature intent on exploring the interface between phenomenology and cognitive science. But despite these developments, there is still some obscurity about what exactly neurophenomenology is. What are neurophenomenologists trying to do, and how are they trying to do it? To what extent is neurophenomenology a distinctive and unified research programme? In this paper I attempt to shed some light on these questions. 相似文献
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Using a stratified sample of Canadian adolescents residing in Ontario (n = 2,154) time use patterns and perceptions of time pressure are explored to determine gender differences among younger (12–14 years)
and older adolescents (15–19 years). For both age groups, girls report a higher total workload of schoolwork, domestic activities
and paid employment and spend more time on personal care while boys have more free time, especially during early adolescence.
Feelings of time pressure for teens increase with age and are significantly higher for girls in both age categories. Gender
differences are less pronounced on school days when time is fairly structured, but become more consistent with traditional
gender schema on the weekend when time use is more discretionary. 相似文献
18.
Jordi Valor Abad 《Synthese》2008,160(2):183-202
Proponents of the explanatory gap claim that consciousness is a mystery. No one has ever given an account of how a physical
thing could be identical to a phenomenal one. We fully understand the identity between water and H2O but the identity between pain and the firing of C-fibers is inconceivable. Mark Johnston [Journal of philosophy (1997), 564–583] suggests that if water is constituted by H2O, not identical to it, then the explanatory gap becomes a pseudo-problem. This is because all “manifest kinds”—those identified in experience—are on a par in not being identical to their physical bases, so that the
special problem of the inconceivability of ‘pain = the firing of C-fibers’ vanishes. Moreover, the substitute relation, constitution,
raises no explanatory difficulties: pain can be constituted by its physical base, as can water. The thesis of this paper is
that the EG does not disappear when we substitute constitution for identity. I examine four arguments for the EG, and show
that none of them is undermined by the move from constitution to identity. 相似文献
19.
Pär Sundström 《Synthese》2008,163(2):133-143
A number of philosophers have recently argued that (i) consciousness properties are identical with some set of physical or
functional properties and that (ii) we can explain away the frequently felt puzzlement about this claim as a delusion or confusion
generated by our different ways of apprehending or thinking about consciousness. This paper examines David Papineau’s influential
version of this view. According to Papineau, the difference between our “phenomenal” and “material” concepts of consciousness
produces an instinctive but erroneous intuition that these concepts can’t co-refer. I claim that this account fails. To begin
with, it is arguable that we are mystified about physicalism even when the account predicts that we shouldn’t be. Further,
and worse, the account predicts that an “intuition of distinctness” will arise in cases where it clearly does not. In conclusion,
I make some remarks on the prospects for, constraints on, and (physicalist) alternatives to, a successful defence of the claim
(ii). 相似文献
20.
Harry Brighouse 《Res Publica》2007,13(2):147-158
This paper is an engagement with Equality by John Baker, Kathleen Lynch, Judy Walsh and Sara Cantillon. It identifies a dilemma for educational egalitarians, which
arises within their theory of equality, arguing that sometimes there may be a conflict between advancing equality of opportunity
and providing equality of respect and recognition, and equality of love care and solidarity. It argues that the latter values
may have more weight in deciding what to do than traditional educational egalitarians have usually thought. 相似文献