梨状皮层或苍白球损毁对大鼠空间认知能力的影响

在Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ迷宫中,梨状皮层或苍白球损毁大鼠的空间认知作业成绩较显著低于控制组,搜索目标以趋向式策略为主,与正常大鼠搜索策略的差异提示：①梨状皮层和苍白球参与了空间认知加工;②在图认知系统中梨状皮层和苍白球居辅助层次。     

抑制控制在类比映射发展中的作用:认知负荷的影响

本研究采用负启动范式,设置不同的认知负荷任务,探究抑制控制在儿童和成人类比映射中的作用。实验一中,31名7岁儿童、33名10岁儿童和34名成人完成高认知负荷的相对大小类比映射的负启动任务。结果表明,所有群体均出现负启动效应,且负启动效应随年龄增长而减小。实验二中,30名7岁儿童、30名10岁儿童和32名成人完成低认知负荷的相对大小类比映射的负启动任务。结果表明,所有群体均出现负启动效应,但负启动效应无显著年龄差异。本研究的结果揭示了抑制控制和认知负荷在类比映射发展中的重要作用。     

概念加工深度影响道德概念水平方位隐喻联结

通过6个实验探究了不同概念加工深度下道德概念与水平方位的隐喻联结。实验1采用迫选任务范式,实验2、实验3和实验4均采用空间Stroop范式,实验5和实验6均采用启动范式。结果发现:(1)在思维迫选中存在道德与左、不道德与右的隐喻联结;(2)在较深、中等概念加工深度下发现了隐喻一致性效应,在较浅概念加工深度下未发现这种效应;(3)在较浅概念加工深度下始源域和目标域之间的映射均不存在,即未在启动范式中发现隐喻联结。结果表明:道德概念与水平方位存在隐喻联结,这种隐喻联结中左表征道德、右表征不道德,并同时受到始源域和目标域加工深度的影响。     

6～8岁汉语高功能自闭症儿童空间概念“大”的隐喻映射研究

采用图片选择任务,使用“大”+名词短语的隐喻实验材料,探讨了有、无语境条件下汉语高功能自闭症儿童“大”概念的隐喻映射能力。结果表明高功能自闭症儿童“大”隐喻映射能力弱于典型发展儿童;无论是高功能自闭症儿童还是典型发展儿童,将“大”映射到具体概念的表现均优于映射到抽象概念;语境可以帮助高功能自闭症儿童在“大”和具体概念之间建立映射关系,却难以帮助其在“大”和抽象概念之间建立映射关系。     

Who Is This God of Whom You Speak? Counseling Students' Concept of God

Many clients bring a belief in God or a Higher Power into counseling sessions. What is less clear, however, is how counselors conceptualize “god,” which may affect how spirituality is integrated in the counseling process. To explore this question, the authors conducted a concept map study of god images among counseling students. Results suggest that students harbor broad and diverse conceptualizations of god, which may affect the counseling process.     

How Big is My Neighborhood? Individual and Contextual Effects on Perceptions of Neighborhood Scale

Neighborhood is a social and geographic concept that plays an increasingly important role in research and practice that address disparities in health and well-being of populations. However, most studies of neighborhoods, as well as community initiatives geared toward neighborhood improvement, make simplifying assumptions about boundaries, often relying on census geography to operationalize the neighborhood units. This study used geographic information system (GIS) tools to gather and analyze neighborhood maps drawn by residents of low-income communities in 10 cities. The median resident map size was approximately 30 percent smaller than the median census tract, but 25 percent of residents viewed their neighborhood as quite small (less than one-fifth of the typical census tract). Multi-level modeling showed significant within context variation in perceived neighborhood scale. Longer term residents with higher education and income and who were more engaged in the neighborhood held more expansive views. But there were also contextual influences with higher density and mixed use areas associated with smaller perceived neighborhoods, and higher collective efficacy associated with larger neighborhood sizes. Artificially imposed neighborhood units may misrepresent resident experience, but GIS tools can be used to craft more authentic neighborhood definitions for research and practice.