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41.
Ada D. Mishler 《Visual cognition》2018,26(6):393-404
Redundancy gain is an improvement in speeded target detection when the number of targets associated with a single response is increased within a single display. The effect has been clearly demonstrated with specific targets, but it is not clear if it occurs in categorization tasks with non-identical targets. The current study tested the effect of target redundancy on speed and accuracy in a go/no-go categorization task. Targets were digits tilted 45° to the left, and were displayed in unilateral, bilateral, or central displays for either 1500?ms or 100?ms. Redundancy gain only occurred for brief targets displayed bilaterally in the upper visual field. The results indicate that redundancy gain is possible for categorization tasks with some bilateral configurations, supporting a role for interhemispheric processing in redundancy gain. Additionally, the results may indicate that processing strategies mask redundancy gain when participants can view targets for a long period of time. 相似文献
42.
Anne Corinne Huggins-Manley Yuxi Qiu Randall D. Penfield 《International Journal of Testing》2018,18(1):50-70
Score equity assessment (SEA) refers to an examination of population invariance of equating across two or more subpopulations of test examinees. Previous SEA studies have shown that score equity may be present for examinees scoring at particular test score ranges but absent for examinees scoring at other score ranges. No studies to date have performed research for the purpose of understanding why score equity can be inconsistent across the score range of some tests. The purpose of this study is to explore a source of uneven subpopulation score equity across the score range of a test. It is hypothesized that the difficulty of anchor items displaying differential item functioning (DIF) is directly related to the score location at which issues of score inequity are observed. The simulation study supports the hypothesis that the difficulty of DIF items has a systematic impact on the uneven nature of conditional score equity. 相似文献
43.
《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(2):125-133
The information gain model argues that participants select alternatives with a larger expected value of information gain. The present study investigated risk aversion in information seeking to examine whether the expected value always determines information-seeking behaviour. For this investigation, we used a scale method selection task in which participants were required to select one of two scales for weighing coins in order to find an underweight coin. Two experiments showed that participants more frequently selected the alternative that provided information gain without risk, although its expected information gain was smaller. This finding indicates the presence of risk aversion in information seeking, suggesting that information-seeking behaviour is affected by risk associated with obtaining information gain. 相似文献
44.
本实验通过将具有参考框架信息的前置刺激改为掩蔽刺激,进一步探讨参考框架的变化和表象旋转的过程。结果表明:1、因掩蔽刺激而引起的主观参考框架的产生是瞬间完成的,而不是由原先直立的参考框架经过连续旋转后形成的。2、显示了倾斜字母的加工不完全是整体表象的线性旋转过程,而可能是整字一成分的混合加工过程。 相似文献
45.
A general formulation is presented for obtaining conditionally unbiased, univocal common-factor score estimates that have
maximum validity for the true orthogonal factor scores. We note that although this expression is formally different from both
Bartlett's formulation and Heermann's approximate expression, all three, while developed from very different rationales, yield
identical results given that the common-factor model holds for the data. Although the true factor score validities can be
raised by a different non-orthogonal transformation of orthogonalized regression estimates—as described by Mulaik—the resulting
estimates lose their univocality. 相似文献
46.
K. W. M. Fulford 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》1991,12(1):81-85
In addition to the neglect of philosophy by medicine, emphasized in a recent editorial in this journal, there has been an equally important neglect of medicine by philosophy. Philosophy stands to gain from medicine in three respects: in materials, the conceptual difficulties arising in the practice of medicine being key data for philosophical enquiry; in methods, these data, through their problematic character, being ideally suited to the technique of linguistic analysis; and in results, the practical requirements of medicine placing a direct demand for progress on philosophical theory. The future of the relationship between philosophy and medicine depends on the development of a positive two-way trade between them. 相似文献
47.
Nickola C. Overall Chloe Howard Danny Osborne Paula R. Pietromonaco Nicole Satherley Chris G. Sibley 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2023,17(7):e12747
The COVID-19 pandemic produced multiple stressors that risk relationship conflict and dissatisfaction. We extended prior studies that yielded inconsistent effects of the pandemic on relationships by using propensity score matching to (1) compare levels of relationship conflict and satisfaction during the pandemic (pandemic group; N = 7268) to similar people immediately before the pandemic (matched control group; N = 7268), and (2) compare pandemic groups facing different types of restrictions, beginning with lockdowns involving household isolation to returning to normal life. Results reveal that relationship conflict increased and relationship satisfaction decreased in response to the pandemic, but these effects were very small and primarily occurred in the initial stages of the pandemic when lockdown involved household isolation. The results add to evidence of resilience in personal and relationship well-being in 2020, but also indicate the importance of understanding the effects of varying pandemic-related conditions across the years of the pandemic. 相似文献
48.
Takahiro Hoshino 《Psychometrika》2007,72(4):535-549
Due to the difficulty in achieving a random assignment, a quasi-experimental or observational study design is frequently used
in the behavioral and social sciences. If a nonrandom assignment depends on the covariates, multiple group structural equation
modeling, that includes the regression function of the dependent variables on the covariates that determine the assignment,
can provide reasonable estimates under the condition of correct specification of the regression function. However, it is usually
difficult to specify the correct regression function because the dimensions of the dependent variables and covariates are
typically large. Therefore, the propensity score adjustment methods have been proposed, since they do not require the specification
of the regression function and have been applied to several applied studies. However, these methods produce biased estimates
if the assignment mechanism is incorrectly specified. In order to make a more robust inference, it would be more useful to
develop an estimation method that integrates the regression approach with the propensity score methodology. In this study
we propose a doubly robust-type estimation method for marginal multiple group structural equation modeling. This method provides a consistent estimator
if either the regression function or the assignment mechanism is correctly specified. A simulation study indicates that the
proposed estimation method is more robust than the existing methods.
This research was partially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists
(B), 187-30406. 相似文献
49.
50.
Yang Liu David Thissen 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2014,67(3):496-513
Score tests for identifying locally dependent item pairs have been proposed for binary item response models. In this article, both the bifactor and the threshold shift score tests are generalized to the graded response model. For the bifactor test, the generalization is straightforward; it adds one secondary dimension associated only with one pair of items. For the threshold shift test, however, multiple generalizations are possible: in particular, conditional, uniform, and linear shift tests are discussed in this article. Simulation studies show that all of the score tests have accurate Type I error rates given large enough samples, although their small‐sample behaviour is not as good as that of Pearson's Χ2 and M2 as proposed in other studies for the purpose of local dependence (LD) detection. All score tests have the highest power to detect the LD which is consistent with their parametric form, and in this case they are uniformly more powerful than Χ2 and M2; even wrongly specified score tests are more powerful than Χ2 and M2 in most conditions. An example using empirical data is provided for illustration. 相似文献