To Act or Not to Act: Nonconsequentialism in Environmental Decision-Making

Research on environmental-decision making is usually based on utilitarian models, which imply that people's decisions are only influenced by the outcomes. This research provides evidence for values and moral positions that reflect nonconsequentialist rather than consequentialist views. In doing this, this article refers to “sacred values,” which are values that are seen as not-substitutable and nontradable. Two studies were designed to examine evidence for sacred values and their role on act versus omission choices within the environmental domain. The studies revealed that sacred values were closely associated with preferences for actions, trade-off reluctance, deontological focus, and position of moral universalism. The results suggest that it is important to account for sacred values and nonconsequentialist views in environmental decision-making research.     

Representation of interlaced trilattices

Trilattices are algebraic structures introduced ten years ago into logic with the aim to provide a uniform framework for the notions of constructive truth and constructive falsity. In more recent years, trilattices have been used to introduce a number of many-valued systems that generalize the Belnap–Dunn logic of first-degree entailment, proposed as logics of how several computers connected together in a network should think in order to deal with incomplete and possibly contradictory information. The aim of the present work is to develop a first purely algebraic study of trilattices, focusing in particular on the problem of representing certain subclasses of trilattices as special products of bilattices. This approach allows to extend the known representation results for interlaced bilattices to the setting of trilattices and to reduce many algebraic problems concerning these new structures to the better-known framework of lattice theory.     

Nietzsche on creating and discovering values

ABSTRACT

This article considers Friedrich Nietzsche’s claims about value creation alongside his proclamation that ‘nature is always value-less’ (GS 301), assessing their implications for his metaethics. It begins by weighing the evidence for a recent constructivist interpretation of Nietzsche’s metaethics, arguing that despite several apparent interpretive advantages, Nietzschean constructivism ultimately fails. Through a close reading of GS 301 and related passages, the constructivist interpretation is shown to be misguided in taking Nietzsche’s talk of value creation as expressing (or playing a significant role in) a metaethical view according to which the evaluative attitudes of philosophers ground what is valuable. Against this, it is argued that GS 301 should be understood as an assertion of the status of philosophers as the causal sources of new evaluative outlooks that shape the held values of their respective cultures, a claim developed through analysis of passages in which Nietzsche discusses his ideal of the ‘genuine philosopher’ and contrasts this figure with ‘critics’ or ‘philosophical laborers’ (BGE 210–211). It is next argued that, insofar as it is best understood as describing a social or anthropological phenomenon rather than a metaphysical one, GS 301 is a poor piece of evidence not only for the constructivist interpretation, but in fact for any account of Nietzsche’s metaethical position—including radical anti-realist interpretations informed by his statement that ‘nature is always value-less’. The paper then concludes by appealing to another passage, GS 55, which hints towards a very different—and plausibly realist—picture of Nietzsche’s metaethics     

论病历资料的法律价值

从法律价值角度,探讨病历资料具有的外在价值、内在价值及法治价值,病历资料作为证据法中的书证,能够证明客观事实的内在品质和其外在的证明作用、法治功能,在司法证明活动和处理医疗纠纷中发挥着重要作用,旨在提高人们对病历资料证据的认识,规范病历资料的书写、归档、保存和利用,促进司法证明和医疗服务质量的提高。     

论现代临床医学发展的人文走向

我们不能用静止的眼光看待当代的医学。在整个“以人为本”的环境背景和其它因素的影响下,近二十多年以来,现代医学正在开始走出人性冷漠的阴影,出现了一些重要的人文走向,尽管这还只是开始,但无疑给人们以希望和信心。     

Suszko’s Thesis,Inferential Many-valuedness,and the Notion of a Logical System

According to Suszko’s Thesis, there are but two logical values, true and false. In this paper, R. Suszko’s, G. Malinowski’s, and M. Tsuji’s analyses of logical twovaluedness are critically discussed. Another analysis is presented, which favors a notion of a logical system as encompassing possibly more than one consequence relation.

[13, p. 281]

Presented by Jacek Malinowski     

传媒因素对大学生个体价值观的影响

在所调查的6种传媒因素对大学生个人价值观形成与发展影响方面,其作用的大小依次是:电视、网络、报刊、书籍、杂志、电影.进一步分析发现,在这些方面分别存在性别、学科类型以及来源方面的差异,其中有较多的女大学生和人文科类学科大学生以及来自乡镇的大学生认为,电视传媒是影响个人价值观形成与发展的主要传媒因素;而有较多的男大学生与自然类学科的大学生以及来自城市的大学生认为网络传媒是影响个人价值观形成与发展的主要传媒因素.     

白血病诱导分化治疗中的生态自然观

诱导分化是一种治疗白血病的新方法,它通过促使分化不完全的肿瘤细胞分化成熟,使恶性转为良性.临床应用全反式维甲酸(ATRA)和三氧化二砷(As2O3)诱导急性早幼粒细胞性白血病取得了较高的完全缓解率,毒副作用也较低.诱导分化治疗策略突破了将杀灭肿瘤细胞作为治疗肿瘤的惟一方法的思维局限,谋求在与白血病细胞的和谐中获得人类的健康,是生态自然观应用于医疗实践的成功范例.