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991.
As the methods for the functional analysis of problem behavior have continued to develop, there has been a greater focus on the specificity of controlling variables, both antecedents and consequences. Accelerating research interest in the role of antecedents reveals that a large array of stimulus variables can influence the rate of problem behavior. Indeed, the variety of these stimuli is so great that it is sometimes possible to overlook specific stimulus variables during initial assessment. The present study shows that a failure to identify these very specific (idiosyncratic) stimulus variables is serious because their presence can systematically alter the outcomes of functional analyses that are designed to assess the motivation of problem behavior. Guidelines are therefore discussed concerning when to suspect that idiosyncratic stimuli might be acting to influence assessment data, thereby promoting a search for additional stimulus variables whose identification can aid in improving the design of functional analysis conditions. 相似文献
992.
Some existing three-way factor analysis and MDS models incorporate Cattell's “Principle of Parallel Proportional Profiles”.
These models can—with appropriate data—empirically determine a unique best fitting axis orientation without the need for a
separate factor rotation stage, but they have not been general enough to deal with what Tucker has called “interactions” among
dimensions. This article presents a proof of unique axis orientation for a considerably more general parallel profiles model
which incorporates interacting dimensions. The model, Xk=AADk HBDk B', does not assume symmetry in the data or in the interactions among factors. A second proof is presented for the symmetrically
weighted case (i.e., whereADk=BDk). The generality of these models allows one to impose successive restrictions to obtain several useful special cases, including
PARAFAC2 and three-way DEDICOM.
We want to express appreciation for the contributions of several colleagues: Jos M. F. ten Berge and Henk A. L. Kiers carefully
went through more than one version of this article, found an important error, and contributed many improvements. J. Douglas
Carroll and Shizuhiko Nishisato acted with unusual editorial preserverance and flexibility, thereby making possible the successful
completion of a difficult assessment and revision process. Joseph B. Kruskal has long provided crucial mathematical insights
and inspiration to those working in this area, but this is particularly true for us. His contributions to this specific article
include early discussion of basic questions and careful examination of some earlier attempted proofs, finding them to be invalid.
The anonymous reviewers also made useful suggestions. Some portions of this work were supported in part by a grant from the
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. 相似文献
993.
Using a sample of 556 adolescents from a suburban community, patterns of various adolescent problem behaviors (e.g., delinquent
behavior, smoking, use of alcohol or drugs) and their links to self-efficacy, social competence, and life events were examined.
Cluster analysis was conducted to identify four subgroups of adolescents who showed distinct patterns of problem behaviors.
These clusters were compared on the measures of self-efficacy, social competence, and life events. Overall results suggest
there are meaningful links between adolescents’ problem behavior patterns and self-efficacy, the amount and quality of participation
in various after school activities, and life events. For example, a subgroup of adolescents who showed uniformly low prevalence
of all problem behaviors reported more positive academic self-efficacy, more active participation in sports and nonsports
activities, more positive life events, and fewer negative events than adolescents who were involved in multiple problem behaviors.
Implications for prevention and future research on adolescent problem behaviors are discussed. 相似文献
994.
Parents and peer group as mediators of the effect of community structure on adolescent problem behavior 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Ronald L. Simons Christine Johnson Jay Beaman Rand D. Conger Les B. Whitbeck 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(1):145-171
Used a sample of 207 single-parent families residing in 104 small, Midwestern communities to test hypotheses regarding the
link between community context and adolescent conduct problems and psychological distress. For boys, community disadvantage
had a direct affect on psychological distress, while it indirectly boosted the probability of conduct problems by disrupting
parenting and increasing affiliation with deviant peers. Community disadvantage was unrelated to the deviant behavior or emotional
well-being of girls. Proportion of single-parent households in the community had a direct effect on girls' conduct problems.
It also contributed indirectly to girls' conduct problems by increasing the probability of involvement with deviant peers.
Possible explanations for these gender differences are provided.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Miami, November
1994. Work on this project was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (MH48165) and the National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development (HD27724). Journal Paper No. 16629 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economic Experiment
Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 3320. 相似文献
995.
Joseph B. Kruskal 《Psychometrika》1976,41(3):281-293
Some methods that analyze three-way arrays of data (including INDSCAL and CANDECOMP/PARAFAC) provide solutions that are not subject to arbitrary rotation. This property is studied in this paper by means of the triple product [A, B, C] of three matrices. The question is how well the triple product determines the three factors. The answer: up to permutation of columns and multiplication of columns by scalars—under certain conditions. In this paper we greatly expand the conditions under which the result is known to hold. A surprising fact is that the nonrotatability characteristic can hold even when the number of factors extracted is greater thanevery dimension of the three-way array, namely, the number of subjects, the number of tests, and the number of treatments.This paper is being published in place of Dr. Kruskal's presidential address to the Psychometric Society, April, 1975. Further results like those in this paper, as well as a surprising connection with an area of mathematics called arithmetic complexity theory, will be found in a more recent paper [Kruskal, in press]. 相似文献
996.
Martha E. Bernal Mary D. Klinnert Leola A. Schultz 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1980,13(4):677-691
The central question addressed was, how effective is parent training in reducing conduct problems in children in comparison to client-centered parent counseling? A secondary question was the relative effectiveness of the two treatment groups in comparison to a wait control group that when untreated during the 8-week period of treatment provided the other groups. Families of 36, 5- to 12-year-old conduct problem children were screened and assigned at random to treatment groups, but wait control group assignment depended upon therapist availability. Supervised graduate student therapists conducted 10 treatment sessions for each family. Parent reports and paper and pencil tests of child deviance and parent satisfaction showed a superior outcome for behavioral over the client-centered and wait control groups, and no differences between the latter two groups. At follow-up there was no maintenance of this superiority. Home observation data showed no advantage of behavioral over client-centered treatment, and these two groups did not improve significantly more than the wait control group. These results were discussed in the light of possible interactions between treatment and measurement, and methodological and sampling differences between this and other studies. 相似文献
997.
The development of new, "creative" behaviors was examined in a problem-solving context. One form of problem solving, improvisation, was defined as finding a substitute to replace the specifically designated, but currently unavailable, tool ordinarily used to solve the problem. The study examined whether preschool children spontaneously displayed generalized improvisation skills, and if not, whether they could be trained to do so within different classes of tools. Generalization across different tool classes was monitored but not specifically trained. Five preschool children participated in individual sessions that first probed their skill at improvising tools, and later trained and probed generalized improvisation in one or more of three tool classes (Hammers, Containers, and Shoelaces), using a multiple-baseline design. All five children were trained with Hammers, two were trained in two classes, and two were trained in all three tool classes. Four of the five children improvised little in Baseline. During Training, all five showed increased generalized improvisation within the trained class, but none across classes. Tools fabricated by item combinations were rare in Baseline, but common in Training. Followup probes showed that the training effects were durable. 相似文献
998.
Peter McGill 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1999,32(3):393-418
This paper seeks to integrate Michael's (1982, 1993) discussion of the concept of the establishing operation (EO) with existing conceptual and empirical analyses of problem behavior in people with developmental disabilities. The paper begins with a summary of Michael (1993), which seeks to describe his concept of the EO and place it briefly in historical context. The role of EOs in evoking and establishing motivation for problem behavior is considered in some detail. A case is made for the greater consideration of EOs in the functional analysis of problem behavior, and specific suggestions for detecting the operation of conditioned establishing operations are offered. Turning to treatment, the paper considers the role played by EOs in existing procedures and discusses the development of treatment strategies that seek to modify EOs, extinguish EOs, and modify the responses evoked by EOs. Finally, consideration is given to the implications of EOs for the more systemic treatment and prevention of problem behavior. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Hideo Hama 《Human Studies》1999,22(2-4):183-192
In his doctoral dissertation, Harold Garfinkel critically examined Talcott Parsons' classical formulation of the problem of order referred to as the Hobbesian problem. Garfinkel's criticism can be summarized under the following three headings: (1) common sense rationality replaces scientific rationality; (2) the level of the premises of conduct replaces the level of de facto action; (3) congruence theory replaces the correspondence theory. The aim of this paper is to make some observations on the structure of the problem of order which Garfinkel discovered through this criticism. I propose to call it the Rashomon problem after Akira Kurosawa's film Rashomon. Ethnomethodology can be regarded as an attempt to solve the Rashomon problem. 相似文献