Critical Consciousness: An Alternative Pathway for Positive Personal and Social Development

This paper presents a conceptual model of the integrative psychological construct of critical consciousness (CC), defined as a moral awareness which propels individuals to disembed from their cultural, social, and political environment, and engage in a responsible critical moral dialogue with it, making active efforts to construct their own place in social reality and to develop internal consistency in their ways of being. The ontogeny of CC is analyzed in terms of the synergistic interaction between its two main components, structural developmental and moral motivation. The paper describes the cross-cultural interview research which allowed the elaboration of the CC developmental pathway. It posits the dimension of moral motivation as distinguishing the CC pathway, and illustrates the continuum between predominantly moral and expediency motivation through brief case vignettes. The paper differentiates three developmental macrolevels of CC, and illustrates through case vignettes two alternatives of social consciousness at the level of conventional morality—CC and non-CC. Some possible sources of moral motivation in personal history and biography are discussed.     

德鲁克医院管理思想研究

德鲁克医院管理思想主要有:医院管理与企业管理没有多大差异;医疗保健是21世纪增长最快、最需要管理的部门;医疗服务需要合理组织及团队精神;评价医疗服务质量的标准是"最佳";医院要实施目标管理并不断致力于变革,通过"专业化"提高效率和效益;医院管理者与员工之间是伙伴关系;信息技术对医疗服务有深刻的影响;医院应实行"职业化"管理.     

举证责任倒置与临床实践中证据的思考

医疗纠纷的举证责任倒置对医疗患双方产生广泛而深远的影响,也使医学与法律产生了碰撞,这就要求医务工作者在临床实践中既要为患者服务又要做到每个临床决策都必须有章可循,有法可依,有据可查以维护自己的合法权益,正确认识举证责任倒置的要求和掌握在临床实践中遵循证据的方法以避免陷入越来越多的医疗纠纷。