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991.
Livestock production has been confronted with several epidemics over the last decades. The morality of common animal disease
strategies—stamping out and vaccination—is being debated and provokes controversies among farmers, authorities and the broader
public. Given the complexity and controversy of choosing an appropriate control strategy, this article explores the potential
of nano-enabled diagnostics in future livestock production. At first glance, these applications offer promising opportunities
for better animal disease surveillance. By significantly shortening the reaction time from diagnosis to appropriate control,
they could complement the current disease management strategies. Although nano-enabled diagnostics will not make livestock
disease eradication strategies redundant or completely free of the culling of infected animals, these diagnostics could significantly
reduce the number of culled animals and animal suffering. This article aims to demonstrate that the ethical assessment of
advanced diagnostics can build on the experiences with decision making in biomedical ethics where nonmaleficence, beneficence,
autonomy and justice serve as important benchmarks. Nano-enabled diagnostics may be an ethically sound solution if it can
resolve the dilemma between stamping out and vaccination in favor of the latter and if it can balance the autonomy–paternalism
dilemma between farmers and authorities. The technology should allow to be switched on and off by farmers, whilst simultaneously
allowing for a weak paternalism on behalf of authorities in order to benefit the farmer and broader society and to protect
them from harm.
相似文献
Johan EversEmail: |
992.
Janice Gross Stein 《Political psychology》2008,29(4):553-569
Alexander George made a seminal contribution to theories of preventive diplomacy, crisis management, deterrence, and coercive diplomacy. Although he made his contribution in the highly structured environment of the Cold War, his analysis of the close connections between positive and negative inducements, the importance of interests in shaping outcomes, and the dangers of threat-based strategies as substitutes for policy speaks to the central challenges of contemporary global politics. 相似文献
993.
This study assessed the potential influence of social desirability (SD) response bias on the E, N, and P EPQ-R scores at the level of individual items. The study was based on a bidimensional IRT model which was fitted in a large sample. This allowed a detailed analysis of both the internal validities of the items and the content of the items which were most affected by SD. The E items were least affected by SD, but the direction of the impact depended on the type of item. As expected, in the N and P cases the relations obtained were consistently negative, but the strength of the SD impact also depended considerably on the type of item. The P scale was the most problematic in terms of convergent and discriminant validity. 相似文献
994.
Kelly E. Dunn Stacey C. Sigmon Colleen S. Thomas Sarah H. Heil Stephen T. Higgins 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2008,41(4):527-538
This study evaluated the efficacy of a contingency management (CM) intervention to promote smoking cessation in methadone‐maintained patients. Twenty participants, randomized into contingent (n = 10) or noncontingent (n = 10) experimental conditions, completed the 14‐day study. Abstinence was determined using breath carbon monoxide and urine cotinine levels. Contingent participants received voucher‐based incentives for biochemical evidence of smoking abstinence. Noncontingent participants earned vouchers independent of smoking status. Contingent participants achieved significantly more smoking abstinence and longer durations of continuous smoking abstinence than did noncontingent participants. These results support the potential efficacy of using voucher‐based CM to promote smoking cessation among methadone‐maintained patients. 相似文献
995.
Laura L Chivers Stephen T Higgins Sarah H Heil Rebecca W Proskin Colleen S Thomas 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2008,41(4):481-497
Fifty-eight smokers received abstinence-contingent monetary payments for 1 (n = 15) or 14 (n = 43) days. Those who received contingent payments for 14 days also received 0, 1, or 8 experimenter-delivered cigarette puffs on 5 evenings. The relative reinforcing effects of smoking were assessed in a 3-hr session on the final study day, when participants made 20 choices between smoking or money. The reinforcement contingencies exerted robust control over smoking, and programmed smoking lapses produced few discernible effects. These results further illustrate the robust control that reinforcement contingencies can exert over cigarette smoking and suggest that any effects of lapses on the relative reinforcing effects of smoking are modest under conditions involving abstinence-contingent reinforcement contingencies. 相似文献
996.
David M Ledgerwood Sheila M Alessi Tressa Hanson Mark D Godley Nancy M Petry 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2008,41(4):517-526
Contingency management (CM) is effective in enhancing retention in therapy. After an 8-week baseline, four community-based substance abuse treatment clinics were exposed in random order to 16 weeks of standard care with CM followed by 16 weeks of standard care without CM or vice versa. In total, 75 outpatients participated. Patients who were enrolled in the clinics when the CM treatment phase was in effect attended a significantly greater percentage of therapy sessions than patients who were enrolled in treatment when CM was not in effect. This study is one of the first to investigate CM in community settings implemented entirely by community clinicians, and results suggest that CM is effective in improving therapy attendance. 相似文献
997.
We investigated the extent to which a contingency management (CM) procedure that deducted money from a grand total available at the end of the study compared to a procedure in which money accumulated with continued abstinence from cigarette smoking. Results suggested that the procedure in which money increased contingent on abstinence resulted in a significantly greater likelihood of obtaining a clinically relevant (i.e., 48-hr) period of abstinence. In terms of attendance, participants in the condition in which monetary reinforcement accrued with consecutive instances of abstinence were significantly less likely to miss consecutive appointments than those in which money was deducted for failure to abstain. 相似文献
998.
Despite the progress women have made since the inception of Title IX, many still face discrimination in the sport workplace.
Given the assumption that time-use is gendered, the traditional culture of US intercollegiate sport stands in sharp contrast
to the evolving notion of work-life balance. This study employed a qualitative life course perspective to examine the experiences
of seventeen head coach mothers in NCAA institutions. Results focus on the participants’ historical/social context, biography,
relationships, interplay between these factors, and most importantly the role of administrators as life linkages. The results
suggest that it is insufficient for managers to view the employee in isolation or to neglect the organizational culture in
athletics. Supervisor attention to this, while time and effort-intensive, can impact employee well-being. 相似文献
999.
Rotation forest (RoF) is an ensemble classifier combining linear analysis theories and decision tree algorithms. In recent existing works, RoF was widely applied to various fields with outstanding performance compared to traditional machine learning techniques, given that a reasonable number of base classifiers is provided. However, the conventional RoF algorithm suffers from classifying linearly inseparable datasets. In this study, a hybrid algorithm integrating kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) and the conventional RoF algorithm is proposed to overcome the classification difficulty for linearly inseparable datasets. The radial basis function (RBF) is selected as the kernel for the KPCA method to establish the nonlinear mapping for linearly inseparable data. Moreover, we evaluate various kernel parameters for better performance. Experimental results show that our algorithm improves the performance of RoF with linearly inseparable datasets, and therefore provides higher classification accuracy rates compared with other ensemble machine learning methods. 相似文献
1000.