Processing of Syllables in Production and Recognition Tasks

Empirical evidence for a functional role of syllables in visual word processing is abundant, however it remains rather heterogeneous. The present study aims to further specify the role of syllables and the cognitive accessibility of syllabic information in word processing. The first experiment compared performance across naming and lexical decision tasks by manipulating the number of syllables in words and non-words. Results showed a syllable number effect in both the naming task and the lexical decision task. The second experiment introduced a stimulus set consisting of isolated syllabic and non-syllabic trigrams. Syllable frequency was manipulated in a naming and in a decision task requiring participants to decide on the syllabic status of letter strings. Results showed faster responses for syllables than for non-syllables in both tasks. Syllable frequency effects were observed in the decision task. In summary, the results from these manipulations of different types of syllable information confirm an important role of syllabic units in both recognition and production.     

高、低强迫症状个体的词语再认差异

比较了高强迫症状（High obsessive compulsive symptom, HOC）和低强迫症状（Low obsessive compulsive symptom, LOC）被试对于不同类型词语（强迫症敏感词、情绪词和中性词）再认成绩和记忆信心的差异。结果发现,HOC组记忆保存量显著低于LOC组（p<0.05）,表明HOC组对强迫症敏感词存在一定的偏好;通过对被试反应信心的检测和信号侦察论的应用,发现HOC组对中性词再认正误的判断觉察能力（d’值）低于LOC组（边缘显著：p＝0.054）;在正确反应信心上,被试类型和词语类型间存在交互作用,F(1,22)=4.60,p<0.05。本研究认为HOC组辨别能力的缺损可能导致其记忆信心方面的降低,这种假设还需要进一步的认知和脑功能研究来证实。     

在多媒体语境条件下词类对儿童英语词汇学习效果的影响

该研究考察了多媒体动画片语境条件下,词类对儿童英语词汇学习效果的影响,结果发现:(1)儿童对名词和形容词的再认成绩显著优于代词;(2)就独立回忆测验而言,名词的成绩显著高于代词,形容词的成绩处于代词和名词之间,但与二者的差异均不显著;(3)就情境回忆测验而言,名词与形容词的成绩差异不显著,二者均显著高于代词;(4)名词与形容词的情境回忆测验成绩均显著高于独立回忆测验成绩,但代词的独立回忆与情境回忆测验成绩差异不显著。总体而言,儿童对名词和形容词的学习效果好于代词,表明词类会对儿童英语词汇学习效果产生影响。     

A descriptive analysis of early word combinations in deaf children's signed utterances

The use of pointing and its place in word combinations and the organization of sentences were examined in children acquiring Japanese Sign Language as a first language. Subjects were three deaf children of signing deaf parents, and were aged from 1 year 9 months to 3 years 1 month at the time of observation. They were observed and videotaped periodically in free play settings. Pointing gestures were observed frequently in the earlier utterances in the development of sign language. It was also found that some pointing was referentially redundant and had a fixed position at the end of a sentence. This suggests that pointing, as well as being used referentially, plays a grammatical role in organizing the sentence.     

双字词整词加工与词素加工在眼跳目标选择中的作用

为探讨整词与词素加工在眼跳目标选择中的作用,本研究采用眼动追踪技术,实验1操纵了目标词的词频（高频、低频）和目标词首字字频（高频、低频）;实验2操纵了目标词的词频（高频、低频）和尾字字频（高频、低频）。结果发现：首字字频不影响眼跳目标选择。尾字字频影响眼跳目标选择,当目标词为低频词时,高频尾字条件下从前目标词到目标词的眼跳长度显著地短于低频字条件;当目标词向前眼跳从尾字发出且目标词为低频词时,高频尾字下的眼跳长度显著地长于低频条件。词频影响眼跳目标选择,高频词条件下跳进和跳出目标词的眼跳长度均长于低频词条件。结果表明整词与尾字词素的加工负荷影响随后的眼跳计划,加工负荷越低随后所计划的眼跳长度越长,尾字词素的加工受整词加工的调节,整词与词素加工以混合表征的方式影响眼动控制。     

小学生表征数学应用题策略的实验研究

通过一个2(成功与否)×2(提示与否)×2(题型)的混合实验设计,对小学五年级学生解决和差应用题的表征策略进行了研究.结果表明:(1)与比较应用题的表征相类似,小学生对和差应用题的表征也存在着直译策略和问题模型策略;(2)不成功组解题者在表征和差应用题时倾向于运用直译策略,而成功组的解题者更倾向于运用问题模型策略,这导致了成功者与不成功者在列式上的差异,特别是在不一致题型上表现得更明显;(3)在读题前给以“请注意理解这道题的意思”这样简单的提示,对不成功的解题者对和差问题的正确表征并不能起到作用;(4)成功的和差应用题解题者和不成功的解题者在列式正确性的自我评价上存在显著差异.     

EFFECTS OF COMMUNITY-BASED,VIDEOTAPE, AND FLASH CARD INSTRUCTION OF COMMUNITY-REFERENCED SIGHT WORDS ON STUDENTS WITH MENTAL RETARDATION

Community-referenced sight words and phrases were taught to adolescents with mild and moderate mental retardation using three instructional methods in two locations. Words were presented on flash cards in a school setting, on videotape recordings in a school setting, and on naturally occurring signs in the community. During each session, participants were taught one third of the words in each of these conditions and were then tested at the community sites. A constant prompt delay procedure was used to promote stimulus control to the experimenter's cue initially and then to transfer control to the textual stimuli used for training. A multiple baseline across participants design was employed. Results showed rapid acquisition of the community-referenced sight words in all three training conditions and generalization from the flash card and videotape conditions to the community sites.     

阅读中课文语境对汉语单词识别的影响

三项实验探讨了阅读中课文语境对单词识别的影响。实验一和二分别在两种课文呈现速度条件下,观察课文语境对词汇决策任务的影响,发现仅在较快的呈现速度(每隔150ms呈现一字)和目标词在前文语境中的可预测性为90％以上时,才产生课文语境的促进效应和抑制效应,并表现出抑制优势模式。实验三采用较自然的校对作业考察这种效应,结果显示在目标词高可预测(在前后文中的可预测性为83％以上)时,存在较显著的整体语境效应,并仍表现出抑制优势模式。据此,本文讨论了课文语境中的单词识别过程和语境对它的作用机制。     

Some linguistic determinants of Swedish word recognition

Native Swedish words and words of foreign origin were studied in a word fill-in task (Experiment 1), in a task in which words were explicitly classified as being native or loan words (Experiment 2), and in a lexical decision task in which a small onset asynchrony was introduced in displaying a word's letter pattern (Experiment 3). The findings obtained show that, both in simple printed word recognition and when asked to make explicit judgments about origin, readers are sensitive to phonological features of words not marked in Swedish orthography. It was further found that previewing a substring of word-initial letters which determines a word's root morpheme will prime recognition, whereas previewing a randomly selected pattern of letters inhibits recognition.