Curiosity as a Guide to the Virtuous Life

We are concerned here with the existential question: In order to live a virtuous life, whether it is better to commit one's life to good works among humankind or to the perfection of one's spiritual being by turning away from humanity and devoting oneself entirely to God. We examine this issue—a controversy in moral philosophy from the time of the ancient Greeks—in a short story by Leo Tolstoy.     

Note on Some Fixed Point Constructions in Provability Logic

We present a quite simple proof of the fixed point theorem for GL. We also use this proof to show that Sambin's algorithm yields a fixed point.     

“羊毛薅尽口味乏”:节俭心态如何影响食物预期享受与体验评估

节俭心态是一种广泛存在的思维模式, 但以往研究对其如何影响个体心理和行为仍知之甚少。基于6项研究和1个补充性元分析, 文章揭示了“羊毛薅尽口味乏”的现象、解释机制及边界条件。具体而言, 研究1通过分析来自美国大型外卖平台GRUBHUB的二手数据, 发现节俭心态与食物口味好评率呈负相关关系; 研究2通过模拟外卖点餐情景验证了节俭心态对预期享受的负面影响; 研究3以试吃活动的名义开展了一项实地实验, 证实了节俭心态削弱了个体对巧克力的预期享受, 并导致在吃完巧克力后整体评价更低; 研究4验证了认知资源耗竭在节俭心态对果蔬沙拉预期享受的影响中发挥中介作用; 研究5则识别了获利成本的边界条件, 即当获利成本较高时, 节俭心态对蛋糕预期享受的消极影响更明显; 研究6进一步为缓解这种负面效应提供了一种干预手段, 即当施以正念干预时, 节俭心态对火锅预期享受的消极影响被削弱。最后, 单文章元分析证实了节俭心态对食物预期享受和体验评估的效应稳健。文章不仅丰富和拓展了节俭心态和认知资源相关的理论研究, 同时为食物营销和饮食福祉提供实践启示。     

A comparison of response patterns on fixed-, variable-, and random-ratio schedules

The behavior of individual pigeons on fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, and random-ratio schedules was examined. Within each type of ratio schedule the size of the ratio was varied in an irregular sequence. At various ratio sizes (5, 10, 40, 80) no differences were found among overall response rates (postreinforcement pause plus running response rate) as a function of ratio type. This similarity in overall response rates held despite noticeable differences in the microstructure of performance both within and across subjects; the primary performance difference on the three types of ratio schedules was the relatively longer postreinforcement pause duration on the fixed-ratio schedule. We concluded that the gross temporal characteristics of performance determined by the relative weightings of the postreinforcement pause and running response rate were primarily controlled by the type of ratio schedule (fixed, variable, or random), whereas the overall rate of responding was controlled by the size of the ratio.     

Sequential effects of interval duration on fixed-interval performance

The bar pressing of rats was reinforced on a multiple fixed-interval schedule. The schedule intervals were 1 and 5 min long, and the sequence was such that intervals of either duration were equally likely to be followed by intervals of the same or of the other duration. Rates were higher during 1-min and after 5-min intervals. Best fit equations for cumulative responses during the 5-min intervals produced very similar exponents regardless of preceding duration. It was concluded that preceding duration may have affected the subjects' performances through direct effects on temporal discrimination.     

权力感的无意识启动:方法研究*

情境性启动法是对权力感进行内隐社会认知研究的重要方法。本研究首先对权力情境性启动的两种启动方法(概念启动和定势启动)进行介绍,接着通过两个实验对两种启动方法在中文背景下的适用性和有效性进行了验证,认为中文材料的概念启动和定势启动是适用和有效的,可以作为国内权力社会认知研究中启动权力的方法。最后对权力概念启动和定势启动的研究范式、方法差异和内在机制进行了讨论。