Helping contacts between nonprofessional child aides and young children experiencing school adjustment problems

The present studies examine several within-session measures of helping interactions involving nonprofessional child aides and young maladapting school children referred to a preventively oriented school mental health program. The studies' three main criterion measures were: (1) estimates of children's predominant mood state at the beginning, during, and end of a session; (2) judgments about a child's predominant within-session moded of expression; and (3) aides' ratings of session satisfaction. Both predominant mood and mode of expression differed for children with different initial referral problems. Both also related to differential aide judgements about session satisfaction. Aide satisfaction related to structural aspects of the session, including its length and whether it was thought to deal with significant problems.     

医务人员在医疗活动中的利益边界与道德责任分析

当今是一个以利益为轴心的时代,利益伦理是医学伦理学不可忽视的课题。欲望是无穷的,利益是有限的,任何利益都有其边界和限度,我们必须设置利益的道德界限。医患双方未能遵守利益限度和利益边界原则,使矛盾转化为冲突。利益冲突不仅影响医生的专业判断,而且影响了其医疗决定。医生既是医疗职业者,也是社会的一员,社会公众利益最大化是医疗服务的基本目标,为病人最大利益着想是医护专业最根本的道德规范与责任。     

The role of strategy utility knowledge in children's strategy decision making

Ten- to thirteen-year-olds selected between two methods for learning vocabulary meanings, the objectively more effective keyword method and a naturalistic context method. The main hypothesis of the study was that children produce relative strategy efficacy knowledge during practive with strategies but that children may fail to use this knowledge to direct maintenance of the more effective strategy. To evaluate this position, control subjects selected between the keyword and context strategies without the benefit of practice. In three other conditions subjects practiced the techniques before making strategy choices. Simple practice did not increase keyword-method selection. Practice combined with a prompt to think back to performance with the two strategies during practice increased keyword selection to a high level, comparable to keyword selection when subjects were given explicit feedback about keyword superiority immediately before strategy selections were made. Supplementary analyses supported the conclusion that even in the absence of explicit performance feedback, children can be induced to reflect on their use of strategies and the outcome of those strategic actions in a fashion as to affect their subsequent cognitive actions, in this case, strategy choices. The data are discussed with reference to other work on monitoring and metamemorial effects on cognition.     

空间语言交互在不同视角下的多线索影响机制

空间语言交互受空间线索影响,但多线索影响机制尚不明确。将环境线索、布局线索、社会空间线索编码为空间线索一致性作为核心变量,将空间视角转换能力、场认知风格作为调节变量,构建4个实验探究表述和接收过程在两种视角下的多线索影响机制。结果表明,第一人称视角下,空间参照系受空间线索的支持越多,个体越倾向于使用它进行语言表述且交互效率更高,且布局线索的支持效应大于环境线索;场独立型表述者的参照系选择受空间线索一致性影响更大;空间视角转换能力越高,表述者越倾向于承担更多认知负荷,接收者理解效率越高。第三人称视角会削弱空间线索支持效应和高空间视角转换能力者的交互优势,提高使用自我中心参照系表述空间信息的概率,还会使两类场认知风格表述者的表述过程产生不同程度的决策冲突。但无论何种视角下,使用接收者参照系进行语言表述都是提高理解效率的最优方法。