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981.
Torill Strand 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2005,24(3-4):309-316
Through an exegetic reading of Peirce’s minor texts on higher education, I find that Peirce’s conception of a “Liberal Education” is close to the Herbartian conception of Bildung. Peirce calls for a general education with the ambition of qualifying critical thinkers with the capacity to go beyond the strict rules and narrow borders of the artes liberales, – the different subject matters or sciences taught at a university. Thus, Peirce’s conception of a liberal education is closely linked to his interpretation of common sense – or sensis communis – as a critical commonsensism. To him, it is urgent to educate and nurture “the first rule of reason,” described as a will to learn, a curiosity, a dissatisfaction of what you already incline to think, and an intense desire to find things out. The nurturing of this “first rule of reason” is thus about educating an intellectual community of critical thinkers who are able to question authoritative beliefs, knowing how to debunk them, and how to turn away from obiter dictum. 相似文献
982.
Tracy D. Hecht Natalie J. Allen 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2005,98(2):139-178
This research examined polychronicity, which refers to an individual’s preference for working on many things simultaneously as opposed to one at a time. It was hypothesized that supplies–values fit on this temporal variable is related to well-being. Specifically, it was predicted that deficient and excess polychronicity supplies are associated with poorer well-being, and that well-being is uniformly high along the continuum of polychronicity fit. It was also hypothesized that fit effects are stronger for individuals who place high importance on how their time is allocated than for individuals who place low importance on that dimension. Participants in Study 1, a laboratory experiment, were students (N = 266); participants in Study 2, conducted in a field setting, were employees of Canadian organizations (N = 746). No fit effects were observed in Study 1. Consistent with the hypotheses, however, fit on the dimension of polychronicity was related to job satisfaction, self-efficacy, and psychological strain in Study 2. The role of value importance as a moderator of the relation between supplies–values fit and well-being was not supported. 相似文献
983.
本文考察感知价值、满意度对继续使用意向的作用机理。基于相关理论与实证研究,我们首先提出3G用户继续使用意向概念模型与研究假设,然后通过实证研究对假设进行检验。研究结果表明感知价值和满意度决定继续使用意向。满意度是继续使用意向最强的预测因子。感知有用性和感知使用成本既直接作用于继续使用意向,也通过满意度间接作用于继续使用意向。感知易用性和感知形象提升直接作用于继续使用意向,而不需要通过满意度的中介作用。 相似文献
984.
When facing a decision, people often rely on advice received from others. Previous studies have shown that people tend to discount others’ opinions. Yet, such discounting varies according to several factors. This paper isolates one of these factors: the cost of advice. Specifically, three experiments investigate whether the cost of advice, independent of its quality, affects how people use advice. The studies use the Judge–Advisor System (JAS) to investigate whether people value advice from others more when it costs money than when it is free, and examine the psychological processes that could account for this effect. The results show that people use paid advice significantly more than free advice and suggest that this effect is due to the same forces that have been documented in the literature to explain the sunk costs fallacy. Implications for circumstances under which people value others’ opinions are discussed. 相似文献
985.
抗菌药物治疗是临床医学界普遍关切的问题。滥用抗生素的问题引起社会和政府的重视。但解决这问题需要重视调查研究,充分应用科学研究成果,制定科学合理的政策和规定。本文还从医生的角度,对经验用药、社区获得性肺炎治疗中的几个问题,介绍了国外的做法,对应用药代动力学和最低抑菌浓度结合的研究方法,包括Monte Carlo模拟的实验和临床研究,以及防突变浓度(MPC)和突变选择窗(MEw)的概念作了介绍。 相似文献
986.
Joseph-Matthew Mfutso-Bengo Eva-Maria Mfutso-Bengo Francis Masiye 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2008,29(5):349-356
HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns have been overshadowed by conflicting, competing, and contradictory views between those who
support condom use as a last resort and those who are against it for fear of promoting sexual immorality. We argue that abstinence
and faithfulness to one partner are the best available moral solutions to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Of course, deontologists
may argue that condom use might appear useful and effective in controlling HIV/AIDS; however, not everything that is useful
is always good. In principle, all schools of thought and faith seem to agree on the question of faithfulness for married couples
and abstinence for those who are not married. But they differ on condom use. On the ground, the situation is far more complex.
We simply lack a single, entirely reliable way to resolve all disagreements regarding HIV/AIDS prevention strategies.
相似文献
Joseph-Matthew Mfutso-BengoEmail: |
987.
As a consequence of domestication, dogs have a special readiness for communication with humans. We here investigate whether
a dog might be able to acquire and consistently produce a set of arbitrary signs in her communication with humans, as was
demonstrated in “linguistic” individuals of several species. A female mongrel dog was submitted to a training schedule in
which, after basic command training and after acquiring the verbal labels of rewarding objects or activities, she learned
to ask for such objects or activities by selecting lexigrams and pressing keys on a keyboard. Systematic records taken during
spontaneous interaction with one of the experimenters showed that lexigrams were used in an appropriate, intentional way,
in accordance with the immediate motivational context. The dog only utilized the keyboard in the experimenter’s presence and
gazed to him more frequently after key pressing than before, an indication that lexigram use did have communicative content.
Results suggest that dogs may be able to learn a conventional system of signs associated to specific objects and activities,
functionally analogous to spontaneous soliciting behaviors and point to the potential fruitfulness of the keyboard/lexigram
procedure for studying dog communication and cognition. This is the first report to systematically analyze the learning of
arbitrary sign production in dogs.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
988.
Studies of wild capuchins suggest an important role for social learning, but experiments with captive subjects have generally
not supported this. Here we report social learning in two quite different populations of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). In experiment 1, human-raised monkeys observed a familiar human model open a foraging box using a tool in one of two alternative
ways: levering versus poking. In experiment 2, mother-raised monkeys viewed similar techniques demonstrated by monkey models.
A control group in each population saw no model. In both experiments, independent coders detected which technique experimental
subjects had seen, thus confirming social learning. Further analyses examined fidelity of copying at three levels of resolution.
The human-raised monkeys exhibited fidelity at the highest level, the specific tool use technique witnessed. The lever technique
was seen only in monkeys exposed to a levering model, by contrast with controls and those witnessing poke. Mother-reared monkeys
instead typically ignored the tool and exhibited fidelity at a lower level, tending only to re-create whichever result the
model had achieved by either levering or poking. Nevertheless this level of social learning was associated with significantly
greater levels of success in monkeys witnessing a model than in controls, an effect absent in the human-reared population.
Results in both populations are consistent with a process of canalization of the repertoire in the direction of the approach
witnessed, producing a narrower, socially shaped behavioural profile than among controls who saw no model.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
989.
Stian Reimers Elizabeth A. Maylor Neil Stewart Nick Chater 《Personality and individual differences》2009,47(8):973-978
There has been discussion over the extent to which delay discounting – as prototypically shown by a preference for a smaller-sooner sum of money over a larger-later sum – measures the same kind of impulsive preferences that drive non-financial behavior. To address this issue, a dataset was analyzed containing 42,863 participants’ responses to a single delay-discounting choice, along with self-report behaviors that can be considered as impulsive. Choice of a smaller-sooner sum was associated with several demographics: younger age, lower income, and lower education; and impulsive behaviors: earlier age of first sexual activity and recent relationship infidelity, smoking, and higher body mass index. These findings suggest that at least an aspect of delay discounting preference is associated with a general trait influencing other forms of impulsivity, and therefore that high delay discounting is another form of impulsive behavior. 相似文献
990.
Bilinguals report more tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) failures than monolinguals. Three accounts of this disadvantage are that bilinguals experience between-language interference at (a) semantic and/or (b) phonological levels, or (c) that bilinguals use each language less frequently than monolinguals. Bilinguals who speak one language and sign another help decide between these alternatives because their languages lack phonological overlap. Twenty-two American Sign Language (ASL)-English bilinguals, 22 English monolinguals, and 11 Spanish-English bilinguals named 52 pictures in English. Despite no phonological overlap between languages, ASL-English bilinguals had more TOTs than monolinguals, and equivalent TOTs as Spanish-English bilinguals. These data eliminate phonological blocking as the exclusive source of bilingual disadvantages. A small advantage of ASL-English over Spanish-English bilinguals in correct retrievals is consistent with semantic interference and a minor role for phonological blocking. However, this account faces substantial challenges. We argue reduced frequency of use is the more comprehensive explanation of TOT rates in all bilinguals. 相似文献