儿童、中青年及老年人心理旋转能力的比较研究

采用12套不同视觉形状图形,探讨了儿童(7—9岁,均龄8岁)、中青年(23—47岁,均龄31．3岁)及老年人(61—79岁,均龄65．6岁)的心理旋转能力。结果表明不同年龄段被试的心理旋转能力存在明显差异。无论是对图形方位匹配判断的准确性还是完成判断任务的速度,中青年组被试的成绩均明显优于其他两组被试。儿童组被试在完成判断的速度上明显优于老年组,但在准确性方面两者不存在明显差异。各个年龄组的成绩均不存在性别差异。     

新发现西周筮数的研究

长安西仁村西周时期陶拍上的数字卦是西周存在《周易》经文的证明。西仁村采集:2上的数字卦由纵线顺箭头方向环读,共有四组筮数,转化为《周易》卦爻,依次为师、比、小畜、履四卦。而采集:1上亦纵刻筮数两行,转化为《周易》卦爻,自右迄左依次为既济、未济二卦。由师至履、既济至未济两处局部卦序,不难推想当时所用《周易》的卦序大同于今传本卦序,而且可以看出当时已存在六十四卦“非覆即变”错综关系的概念。文章还分别对陕西扶风齐家村出土的一片有字卜骨上的文字与筮数、对北京房山镇江营出土的一片卜骨上的筮数进行了识读,并对它们所采用的揲蓍法进行了推测。在对房山镇江营卜骨进行识读后,还通过对镇江营和周原西周甲骨文字刻写特点的比较,否定了字迹刻写微小者出现早、疏大者出现晚的说法,同时又指出,镇江营与周原西周甲骨文字刻写特点的相似是西周与诸侯国燕在文化上密切相关的明显证据。     

动态性对简笔画动物审美的影响及其神经机制

运用行为和fMRI技术, 通过比较动态刺激与静态刺激审美判断的行为和脑机制的异同探讨动态性对简笔画动物审美的影响, 包括两个实验。结果发现, 动态简笔画动物的美观程度评分和喜欢程度评分都显著高于静态简笔画动物。同时, 动态简笔画动物审美判断激活的区域基本涵盖了静态简笔画动物审美所激活的区域, 二者都激活了枕叶区等视觉加工区域、额叶区等认知加工区域、眶额叶皮层等奖赏区域以及海马、脑岛、扣带回、杏仁核等情绪加工区域。与静态简笔画动物的审美相比, 动态简笔画动物的审美显著激活了双侧舌回、双侧MT。本研究结果表明, 动态性影响了对简笔画动物的审美, 动态简笔画动物比静态简笔画动物被判断为更加美观。     

知觉信息先期呈现下两可图的命名和相似判断

在实物图片或轮廓图先期呈现的条件下研究了6岁、9岁、12岁及成人被试对两可图形的命名或相似判断。结果表明：（1）命名项目或相似判断与线索项目有关时,各年龄被试对判断项的命名或相似判断均表现出与线索项目一致的倾向。（2）轮廓图作为线索项目时．命名或相似判断反应时较长;实物作为线索项目时,命名或相似判断反应时较短。无关项目作为为线索项目时．被试命名或相似判断的反应时居中;命名项目或相似判断项目均与线索项目一致时反应时较短;命名项目或相似判断项目均与线索项目不一致时反应时延长。（3）被试命名或相似判断的反应时随其年龄的增长而下降,6岁和9岁儿童的反应时较长;12岁儿童的反应时较短;成人的反应时最短。     

年幼儿童人物画结构变化及其影响因素

儿童人物画突出的结构特点是比例不协调。该研究考察了三百多名４．５－６．５岁幼儿的人物画,发现４．５岁到６．５岁幼儿自由画人躯干面积和头的面积的比值平均为１．３０,头的面积稍小于躯干的面积;自由画人躯干与头的面积的比值在４．５到６．５岁之间,变化曲线呈“Ｎ＂字形;这一比值的变化是和幼儿对于人体结构的认知发展有关的;临摹标准比例范画对于幼儿人物画的结构有显著影响,但是除了４．５－５岁之外,临摹画人与自由画人躯干／头的比值变化趋势基本一致;改变绘画顺序以及身体部位的功能性夸大对于幼儿人物画结构都有显著影响。     

Executive function and memory in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

A complex relation exists between memory and executive functioning (EF), particularly when learning and recalling multifaceted or extensive information (Moscovitch &; Winocur, 2002 Moscovitch, M. and Winocur, G. 2002. “The frontal cortex and working with memory”. In Principles of frontal lobe functioning, Edited by: Stuss, D. T. and Knight, R. T. 188–209. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.  [Google Scholar]). A common instrument for evaluating this relationship is the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF; Rey, 1941 Rey, A. 1941. L'examen psychologique dans le cas d'encephalopathie traumatique [Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy]. Archives de Psychologie, 28: 286–340.  [Google Scholar]; Osterrieth, 1944 Osterrieth, P. A. 1944. Le test de copie d'une figure complexe: Contribution à l’étude de la perception et de la mémoire [The test of copying a complex figure: A contribution to the study of perception and memory]. Archives de Psychologie, 30: 286–350.  [Google Scholar]). The ROCF has proved particularly useful in pediatric research; however, little research has been conducted among children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD).

Seventy children (35 FASD, 35 control), aged 6 to 12 years, were tested using the ROCF. All participants with FASD had received a diagnosis according to the Canadian guidelines for FASD (Chudley et al., 2005 Chudley, A. E., Conry, J., Cook, J. L., Loock, C., Rosales, T. and LeBlanc, N. 2005. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis. The Canadian Medical Association Journal, 172: 1–21. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) using the 4-digit diagnostic code (Astley, 2004 Astley, S. J. 2004. Diagnostic guide for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: The 4-digit diagnostic code, 3rd, Seattle, WA: University of Washington.  [Google Scholar]). Significant group differences were revealed with children with FASD demonstrating substantial difficulties in organization, accuracy, and memory. Among children with FASD, a distinctive profile emerged, lending support to the argument that children with FASD experience deficits in EF and memory throughout their development. Information from the present study will not only help to improve understanding of functioning in this population but also provide insight into how to deal with EF and memory deficits in terms of testing, treatment, and intervention.     

儿童的几何图形预期表象

将儿童几何图形预期表象分为两种水平,即再认水平的预期表象和生成水平的预期表象。采用“平移”、“对称”、“重叠”三种平面几何图形的预期表象作业和“展开”、“旋转”、“截面”三种立体几何图形的预期表象作业考察了3至12岁儿童几何图形预期表象的发生和发展。结果表明：儿童再认预期表象的发生早于生成预期表象的发生;儿童预期表象的发生和发展明显受几何图形类型和作业类型的制约     

Change in sociocultural ideal male physique: An examination of past and present action figures

The physical dimensions of five contemporary action figures were measured and compared to their original counterparts to determine whether their physiques have become more muscular from their original designs. The circumferences of the neck, chest, arm, forearm, waist, thigh, and calf were measured three separate times using a Scale Master II model 6325. The mean score was then used in subsequent analyses. Except for the waist, it was determined that the body parts of current action figures were significantly larger when compared to those of their original counterparts. The results of this study indicate that action figures have become more muscular and larger over the last 25 years. Furthermore, the increase in action figure dimensions may contribute to the multifactoral development of an idealized body type that focuses on a lean, muscular physique. This occurrence may particularly influence the perceptions of preadolescent males.     

双关图作为面孔刺激与非面孔刺激对大脑事件相关电位的影响

用线条描绘的图形作为刺激材料,A为老鼠,C为老头,B为双关图(ambi-guous figure)。图形按两种顺序:A→B→C(Ⅰ)和C←B→A(Ⅱ)向被试呈现,每次呈现时间100ms。被试按刺激呈现方式分成两组,每组20人。被试接受图形的同时记录事件相关电位(ERPs),B图呈现后要求被试报告观察内容。对主观报告考验,发现双关图在Ⅰ呈现方式中作为非面孔刺激(老鼠)被认知,在Ⅱ呈现方式中作为面孔刺激(老头)被认知。ERPs分析表明,双关图作为面孔刺激被识别时,T_3、Pz的P_2波潜伏期比双关图作为非面孔刺激被识别时分别延长6.09ms和7.39ms,波幅没有显著差异;双关图作为面孔刺激时T_3、T_4、Pz和Oz的P_3波的潜伏期比双关图作为非面孔刺激时延长约15ms;波幅没有显著差异。     

4～6岁儿童人物画结构比例影响因素的比较研究

本研究旨在探索不同文化背景下影响 4～ 6岁儿童人物画结构比例的因素及认知发展的规律。研究分为自由画人与按照规定要求画人两部分。发现多因素导致儿童自由画人结构失调 ,如绘画顺序、空间统筹安排能力、头躯包含的器官以及对其重要性的认识等均会影响儿童自由人物画的头躯比值。儿童能按要求事先安排规定人物画的结构比例 ,根据细节多寡相应加大或缩小人体有关部分 ,如增大躯干部分以容纳夹克衫的纽扣、口袋等细节 ,或相应缩小头的轮廓以示背影等。此外 ,注意与重要性等因素也会对规定人物画结构产生影响。