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201.
Trevethan CT Urquhart J Ward R Gentleman D Sahraie A 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2012,8(1):29-37
Lesions of occipital cortex result in loss of sight in the corresponding regions of visual fields. The traditional view that, apart from some spontaneous recovery in the acute phase, field defects remain permanently and irreversibly blind, has been challenged. In patients with partial field loss, a range of residual visual abilities in the absence of conscious perception (blindsight) has been demonstrated (Weiskrantz, 1986). Recent findings (Sahraie et al., 2006, 2010) have also demonstrated increased visual sensitivity in the field defect following repeated stimulation. We aimed to extend these findings by systematically exploring whether repeated stimulation can also lead to increased visual sensitivity in two cases with total (bilateral) cortical blindness. In addition, for a case of partial blindness, we examined the extent of the recovery as a function of stimulated region of the visual field, over extended periods of visual training. Positive auditory feedback was provided during the training task for correct detection of a spatial grating pattern presented at specific retinotopic locations using a temporal two alternative forced-choice paradigm (Neuro-Eye Therapy). All three cases showed improved visual sensitivity with repeated stimulation. The findings indicate that perceptual learning can occur through systematic visual field stimulation even in cases of bilateral cortical blindness. 相似文献
202.
Mathias Kauff Christian Issmer Johannes Nau 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2013,23(6):536-542
The paper examined the effect of positive beliefs about the value of ethnic diversity (i.e. diversity beliefs) on discrimination due to foreign sounding names. It was hypothesized that pro‐diversity beliefs reduce discrimination. Results from two studies (N = 29 and N = 104) confirmed this hypothesis. Practical implications of our results are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
203.
Michael D. Mumford Shane Connelly Stephen T. Murphy Lynn D. Devenport Alison L. Antes Ryan P. Brown 《Ethics & behavior》2013,23(4):263-289
Differences across fields and experience levels are frequently considered in discussions of ethical decision making and ethical behavior. In the present study, doctoral students in the health, biological, and social sciences completed measures of ethical decision making. The effects of field and level of experience with respect to ethical decision making, metacognitive reasoning strategies, social-behavioral responses, and exposure to unethical events were examined. Social and biological scientists performed better than health scientists with respect to ethical decision making. Furthermore, the ethical decision making of health science students decreased as experience increased. Moreover, these effects appeared to be linked to the specific strategies underlying participants' ethical decision making. The implications of these findings for ethical decision making are discussed. 相似文献
204.
Sarah E. Ullman 《Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma》2013,22(2):148-162
Disclosing trauma is generally viewed as beneficial for survivors, yet few studies have used experimental methods to determine whether disclosure of sexual traumas in particular has positive effects. This article compares and contrasts knowledge based on lab studies of sexual trauma disclosure using Pennebaker's (1997) experimental disclosure paradigm with data from nonexperimental studies of sexual assault disclosure. The most surprising result was that unlike the majority of experimental trauma disclosure studies using Pennebaker's method that have typically shown positive effects of disclosure, both laboratory and field studies of sexual assault have not shown positive effects, particularly when victims receive negative responses from others. Future research on disclosure of sexual victimization should consider various mediators and moderators, which are suggested by existing findings, as well as a broader range of adjustment outcomes within an ecological framework. 相似文献
205.
A. H. Reinhardt-rutland 《The Journal of general psychology》2013,140(3):260-274
Induced motion is the illusory motion of a static stimulus in the opposite direction to a moving stimulus. Two types of induced motion have been distinguished: (a) when the moving stimulus is distant from the static stimulus and undergoes overall displacement, and (b) when the moving stimulus is pattern viewed within fixed boundaries that abut the static stimulus. Explanations of the 1st type of induced motion refer to mediating phenomena, such as vection, whereas the 2nd type is attributed to local processing by motion-sensitive neurons. The present research was directed to a display that elicited induced rotational motion with the characteristics of both types of induced motion: the moving stimulus lay within fixed boundaries, but the inducing and induced stimuli were distant from each other. The author investigated the properties that distinguished the two types of induced motion. In 3 experiments, induced motion persisted indefinitely, inter-ocular transfer of the aftereffect of induced motion was limited to about 20%, and the time-course of the aftereffect of induced motion could not be attributed to vection. Those results were consistent with fixed-boundary induced motion. However, they could not be explained by local processing. Instead, the results might reflect the detection of object motion within a complex flow-field that resulted from the observer's motion. 相似文献
206.
E. H. Hsü 《The Journal of general psychology》2013,140(2):187-191
It was predicted that murderers would differ in their body-image boundary dimensions from attempted suicides. It was found that the murderers obtained lower barrier scores, which was in opposition to the prediction, and lower penetration scores, which was in agreement with the prediction. Overall, therefore, the prediction was not supported. 相似文献
207.
Genevieve L. Quek Matthew Finkbeiner 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2014,10(4):131-143
Visual perception is characterised by asymmetries arising from the brain’s
preferential response to particular stimulus types at different retinal
locations. Where the lower visual field (LVF) holds an advantage over the upper
visual field (UVF) for many tasks (e.g., hue discrimination, contrast
sensitivity, motion processing), face-perception appears best supported at
above-fixation locations (Quek &
Finkbeiner, 2014a). This finding is consistent with Previc’s (1990) suggestion that vision in the UVF has
become specialised for object recognition processes often required in
”extrapersonal” space. Outside of faces, however, there have been very few
investigations of vertical asymmetry effects for higher-level objects. Our aim
in the present study was, thus, to determine whether the UVF advantage reported
for face-perception would extend to a nonface object – human hands. Participants
classified the sex of hand images presented above or below central fixation by
reaching out to touch a left or right response panel. On each trial, a briefly
presented spatial cue captured the participant’s spatial attention to either the
location where the hand was about to appear (valid cue) or the opposite location
(invalid cue). We observed that cue validity only modulated the efficiency of
the sex-categorisation response for targets in the LVLVF and not the UVF, just
as we have reported previously for face-sex categorisation (Quek & Finkbeiner, 2014a). Taken
together, the data from these studies provide some empirical support for
Previc’s (1990) speculation that object
recognition processes may enjoy an advantage in the upper-hemifield. 相似文献
208.
Several studies suggest a negative impact of ethnic diversity on cooperation, but most of them rely on attitudinal and other indirect measurements of cooperation or are derived from the artificial laboratory setting. We conducted a field experiment based on the lost‐letter technique across 52 neighborhoods in Berlin, Germany. The study has two aims. First, we investigate whether the negative effect of ethnic heterogeneity on cooperation holds for concrete cooperative behavior in a real‐world setting. Second, we test the most prominent psychological mechanism that has been proposed to explain the negative effects of heterogeneity on cooperation, namely in‐group favoritism. We do so by experimentally varying the ethnicity and religion of the senders of letters. We find strong support for the negative effect of ethnic diversity on cooperation. We find no evidence, however, of in‐group favoritism. Letters from Turkish or Muslim organizations were as often returned as those from German and Christian organizations, and the ethnic diversity effect was the same for all types of letters. 相似文献
209.
人工智能在医疗领域的应用,推动了医疗事业的发展,但人工智能作为新生事物,其可解释性成为医疗领域面临的重大挑战,导致人工智能难以有效在医疗领域广泛应用。阐述了增强人工智能在医疗领域可解释性的原因,浅析人工智能在医疗领域中的可解释性困境,指出提高医疗领域人工智能可解释性的要求,以避免出现医疗事故定责不清、医疗数据隐私泄露、诊疗决策与患者信任相悖、患者医疗公平上的困境等诸多问题。为提高医疗领域中人工智能的可解释性,提出了健全医疗事故法律问责机制、培养医疗数据伦理观、加强医疗监督治理、防止医疗人工智能歧视等路径,以便推动人工智能在医疗领域的深入发展。
相似文献210.
患者被隐瞒坏消息的主要理由是保护其免受恶性病情信息的打击。而主张告知患者坏消息则有四个重要理由。告知坏消息必要但不绝对,最终是否告知应当取决于患者的知情意愿,而且如果告知还需征得家属同意。强调应该由医生告知坏消息,而不是护士、社工、志愿者等。在坏消息告知方式上,强调以医护团队为主体的生死学场域的提前构建,生死学场域的构成则包括医护人员的叙事素养、生死学科普活动以及医院生死文化三个要素,其中生死学科普活动最为重要。
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