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41.
    
Most studies in the literature propose that new words should be presented in unrelated sets due to interfering effect of learning vocabulary in semantic sets. Semantically-related words are suggested to be taught in different sessions to avoid this negative effect. However, that is implausible for most second language (L2) teachers owing to the restrictions from curricula or coursebooks, most of which serve new words in semantic fields. The literature does not shed light on how to tackle that problem. Accordingly, this study involves three sets of classroom research conducted with 58 young EFL learners to investigate the effects of mnemonics on minimizing the interference of semantic clustering of new vocabulary. Within 15-week course, one intact class was taught target words through mnemonics while the control group received similar instruction with sentence-context method. The study results demonstrated that mnemonically-instructed L2 learners outperformed on both immediate and delayed recognition of target words.  相似文献   
42.
    
Determined by anatomical characteristics, the binocular visual field has an elliptical shape. Whereas the focus of attention – that area of the visual field in which objects can be consciously perceived – is significantly smaller, its shape is not necessarily dependent on the same factors. Indeed, it is yet unknown if the maximum extents of the attentional focus’ meridians are dimensionally stable or adapt to the egocentric perspective. In this study, we intended to measure the expansion up to which peripheral stimuli can still be perceived while participants were sitting and lying on the left and on the right body side. Results demonstrate that contrary to the visual field the maximum extents along the attentional focus’ meridians remain stable across different head positions with a greater horizontal than vertical alignment. This indicates that the expansion ratios of the meridians of the attentional focus are not dependent on the egocentric perspective. Rather, they appear stable in space and gravity-based. Findings are discussed in terms of our visual environment and current as well as alternative interpretations are weighed against each other.  相似文献   
43.
    
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is identified as the truly non-invasive modality enabling tumor heating and ablation in treatment of breast tumor, uterine fibroid, bone tumor, prostate carcinoma, hepatic carcinoma, pancreatic neoplasm, and so on. However, as the conventional transducers are fixed on the probe relatively without position changes, there is a severely limit for the movable range of the focus. This article mainly introduced a real time multi-angle adjustable Phased High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (PHIFU) system, which could implement focusing at different positions by adjusting the angles between disparate transducers in real time under the driving of digital servos. The angle detectors are installed between two digital servos to acquire the precise angles in order to feed back to the system. In return, the angles could be also calculated if the position of the focus was given. This way improved the scope of the focused ultrasound therapy greatly from the results of the acoustic field simulations.  相似文献   
44.
    
This paper has the objective of broadening the understanding of technical aspects in working with adolescents who defend themselves against detachment from infantile aspects through defensive organizations. These organizations numb the adolescent toward both triangular reality and narcissistic defenses. The families of such young people may be part of the organization and the analyst can also be recruited to participate in it. But the analyst's perception can become blurry and this fact makes him appear stupid. Aspects of the myths of Narcissus and Oedipus are used here as models for studying stupidity. The analysis of a psychotic teenage girl who is symbiotic in relation to her family shows how the analytical field can be invaded by defensive configurations. Collusions of idealization and domination/submission involve the young person, her family and the analyst but the defensive organizations are only identified after their traumatic breakdown. The expansion of the symbolic network allows symbiotic transgenerational organizations to be identified, while models related to enactments prove helpful for understanding technical ups and downs. The paper ends with imaginative conjectures where Oedipus, as ‘patient’, is compared to the patient discussed here. These conjectures lead to reinterpretations of aspects of the Oedipus myth. The reinterpretations, together with the theoretical and clinical study, may serve as models for understanding the technical ups and downs in working with troubled teens.  相似文献   
45.
    
A comprehensive model of gaze control must account for a number of empirical observations at both the behavioural and neurophysiological levels. The computational model presented in this article can simulate the coordinated movements of the eye, head, and body required to perform horizontal gaze shifts. In doing so it reproduces the predictable relationships between the movements performed by these different degrees of freedom (DOFs) in the primate. The model also accounts for the saccadic undershoot that accompanies large gaze shifts in the biological visual system. It can also account for our perception of a stable external world despite frequent gaze shifts and the ability to perform accurate memory-guided and double-step saccades. The proposed model also simulates peri-saccadic compression: the mis-localization of a briefly presented visual stimulus towards the location that is the target for a saccade. At the neurophysiological level, the proposed model is consistent with the existence of cortical neurons tuned to the retinal, head-centred, body-centred, and world-centred locations of visual stimuli and cortical neurons that have gain-modulated responses to visual stimuli. Finally, the model also successfully accounts for peri-saccadic receptive field (RF) remapping which results in reduced responses to stimuli in the current RF location and an increased sensitivity to stimuli appearing at the location that will be occupied by the RF after the saccade. The proposed model thus offers a unified explanation for this seemingly diverse range of phenomena. Furthermore, as the proposed model is an implementation of the predictive coding theory, it offers a single computational explanation for these phenomena and relates gaze shifts to a wider framework for understanding cortical function.  相似文献   
46.
47.
This paper presents a preliminary sketch of what we have termed a Jungian socioanalysis – an emerging theory combining analytical psychology, complexity theories, sociological theories, socio- and psycho-analysis, group analysis and affect theories. Our assumption is that Jungian theory and practice need to attend to and focus more on social contexts, sociality and the influence of societal developments. But also, on the other hand, that analytical psychology, primarily Jung’s theory of individuation and the transcendent function as well as the broad complexity perspective of his theory of psyche, can be extended to a ‘socio’ and not just a ‘psycho’ perspective. The paper presents five foundational assumptions for a Jungian socioanalysis, with the following headings: 1) A Jungian socioanalysis calls for a complex psychology; 2) (Un)consciousness is social and sociality has a dimension of (un)consciousness; 3) A Jungian socioanalysis explores social fields ‘from within’ by smaller groups; 4) A Jungian socioanalysis enables and is enabled by emerging metaphors and affect-imagery; 5) Socio-cultural fields have an impulse toward individuation. This is the first of two papers in the present edition of the journal – the second paper gives socio-clinical illustrations of our thesis in this paper.  相似文献   
48.
An ongoing debate in political psychology is about whether small wording differences have outsized behavioral effects. A leading example is whether subtle linguistic cues embedded in voter mobilization messages dramatically increase turnout. An initial study analyzing two small‐scale field experiments argued that describing someone as a voter (noun) instead of one who votes (verb) increases turnout rates 11 to 14 points because the noun activates a person's social identity as a voter. A subsequent study analyzing a large‐scale field experiment challenged this claim and found no effect. But questions about the initial claim's domain of applicability persist. The subsequent study may not have reproduced the conditions necessary for the psychological phenomenon to occur, specifically the electoral contexts were not competitive or important enough for the social identity to matter. To address the first of these critiques, as well as other potential explanations for different results between the first two studies, we conduct a large‐scale replication field experiment. We find no evidence that this minor wording change increases turnout levels. This research provides new evidence that the strategy of invoking the self does not appear to consistently increase turnout and calls into question whether subtle linguistic cues have outsized behavioral effects.  相似文献   
49.
    
This study reports on my fieldwork experiences applying qualitative research strategies to study child sexual abuse in South Africa. It considers the challenges associated with, at three stages of data collection: ethical clearance, recruitment and data collection, followed by possible solutions. The study also considers the challenges from ethical and epistemological perspectives. I used a reflective self-study to analyse my experiences. My experiences revealed the following challenges: ethical process due to reasons not linked to the content of the research process would cause delays to the field-work. In addition, the use of [formal institutions] welfare institutions as sole research sites would result in a homogenous sample that does not permit comparison of experiences among the abuse cases. The costs to the researcher in terms of emotional and physical investment can be significant.  相似文献   
50.
We theorized that interpersonal relationships can provide structures for experience. In particular, we tested whether primes of same-sex versus mixed-sex relationships could foster cognitive-perceptual processing styles known to be associated with independence versus interdependence respectively. Seventy-two participants visualized either a same-sex or other-sex relationship partner and then performed two measures of cognitive-perceptual style. On a computerized Rod and Frame Test, individuals were more field-dependent after visualizing a mixed-sex versus same-sex relationship partner. On a measure involving perceptions of group behavior, participants demonstrated more holistic/contextually based perception after being primed with a female versus male relationship partner. These findings support the hypothesis that activated cognitive structures representing interpersonal relationships can shape individuals’ cognitive-perceptual performance.  相似文献   
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