A new Method for Determining Reliability Coefficient: The Consistency Index

It was predicted that murderers would differ in their body-image boundary dimensions from attempted suicides. It was found that the murderers obtained lower barrier scores, which was in opposition to the prediction, and lower penetration scores, which was in agreement with the prediction. Overall, therefore, the prediction was not supported.     

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation improves word production in Conduction Aphasia: Electroencephalographic and behavioral evidences

A Conduction Aphasic patient, RH, with many difficulties at the level of phonological output, was subjected to Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) therapy six months after suffering a stroke. Fifteen daily sessions were administered (five days per week). The treatment led to a better intra-hemispheric electrical coherence and inter-hemispheric balance, as shown by the quantitative EEG analysis. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation therapy was shown to be effective in inhibiting irregular activation of the right hemisphere, offering the healthy areas of the left hemisphere the possibility of reassuming their linguistic processing abilities. Also, the number of errors in picture naming and repetition of words and pseudowords dropped considerably following treatment. The recovery was greater for long stimuli and was not affected by semantic or lexical variables such as familiarity. These results suggest that the Phonological Output Buffer, a mechanism dedicated to the maintenance, ordering and production of phoneme strings, was the processing stage modified by the treatment.     

Gaining the Upper Hand: Evidence of Vertical Asymmetry in Sex-Categorisation of Human Hands

Visual perception is characterised by asymmetries arising from the brain’s preferential response to particular stimulus types at different retinal locations. Where the lower visual field (LVF) holds an advantage over the upper visual field (UVF) for many tasks (e.g., hue discrimination, contrast sensitivity, motion processing), face-perception appears best supported at above-fixation locations (Quek & Finkbeiner, 2014a). This finding is consistent with Previc’s (1990) suggestion that vision in the UVF has become specialised for object recognition processes often required in ”extrapersonal” space. Outside of faces, however, there have been very few investigations of vertical asymmetry effects for higher-level objects. Our aim in the present study was, thus, to determine whether the UVF advantage reported for face-perception would extend to a nonface object – human hands. Participants classified the sex of hand images presented above or below central fixation by reaching out to touch a left or right response panel. On each trial, a briefly presented spatial cue captured the participant’s spatial attention to either the location where the hand was about to appear (valid cue) or the opposite location (invalid cue). We observed that cue validity only modulated the efficiency of the sex-categorisation response for targets in the LVLVF and not the UVF, just as we have reported previously for face-sex categorisation (Quek & Finkbeiner, 2014a). Taken together, the data from these studies provide some empirical support for Previc’s (1990) speculation that object recognition processes may enjoy an advantage in the upper-hemifield.     

Cooperation in Ethnically Diverse Neighborhoods: A Lost‐Letter Experiment

Several studies suggest a negative impact of ethnic diversity on cooperation, but most of them rely on attitudinal and other indirect measurements of cooperation or are derived from the artificial laboratory setting. We conducted a field experiment based on the lost‐letter technique across 52 neighborhoods in Berlin, Germany. The study has two aims. First, we investigate whether the negative effect of ethnic heterogeneity on cooperation holds for concrete cooperative behavior in a real‐world setting. Second, we test the most prominent psychological mechanism that has been proposed to explain the negative effects of heterogeneity on cooperation, namely in‐group favoritism. We do so by experimentally varying the ethnicity and religion of the senders of letters. We find strong support for the negative effect of ethnic diversity on cooperation. We find no evidence, however, of in‐group favoritism. Letters from Turkish or Muslim organizations were as often returned as those from German and Christian organizations, and the ethnic diversity effect was the same for all types of letters.     

内源性抑郁症史者的自尊心操纵实验研究

实验组为45名缓解的内源性抑郁症患者(27男18女),对照组为15名缓解的双相障碍患者(8男7女),71名正常人(42男29女)。自尊心操纵实验研究表明,抑郁症组受挫折后自责以及将失败一般化的倾向强于正常人组,作者推测此种心理形成于青少年时代。双相障碍组总分与其它组无显著差异。个别项目表现出情绪不稳,将失败一般化以及较低的他责。     

医疗领域中人工智能应用的可解释性困境与治理

人工智能在医疗领域的应用,推动了医疗事业的发展,但人工智能作为新生事物,其可解释性成为医疗领域面临的重大挑战,导致人工智能难以有效在医疗领域广泛应用。阐述了增强人工智能在医疗领域可解释性的原因,浅析人工智能在医疗领域中的可解释性困境,指出提高医疗领域人工智能可解释性的要求,以避免出现医疗事故定责不清、医疗数据隐私泄露、诊疗决策与患者信任相悖、患者医疗公平上的困境等诸多问题。为提高医疗领域中人工智能的可解释性,提出了健全医疗事故法律问责机制、培养医疗数据伦理观、加强医疗监督治理、防止医疗人工智能歧视等路径,以便推动人工智能在医疗领域的深入发展。

     

生死学视域中的“坏消息”告知

患者被隐瞒坏消息的主要理由是保护其免受恶性病情信息的打击。而主张告知患者坏消息则有四个重要理由。告知坏消息必要但不绝对,最终是否告知应当取决于患者的知情意愿,而且如果告知还需征得家属同意。强调应该由医生告知坏消息,而不是护士、社工、志愿者等。在坏消息告知方式上,强调以医护团队为主体的生死学场域的提前构建,生死学场域的构成则包括医护人员的叙事素养、生死学科普活动以及医院生死文化三个要素,其中生死学科普活动最为重要。

     

非法人体试验的实质化犯罪证成与刑法规制

同一社会的法律法规整体中,不同性质的法对行为违法性的评价始终是一致的。《民法典》的问世,将人格权独立成编。人格权的独立成编不仅彰显了国家对公民的生命权、身体权、健康权的法律保护,亦体现了法律对现代医学科学时代人格权新型权利内容的特别维护。刑法应当积极回应非法人体试验这一社会现实,准确把握刑事法律的国际趋势,科学构建刑法体系,完善人体试验法律秩序,保护受试者的合法权益,推动医学研究的良性发展。     

《周易》田猎习武的军训观

《周易》的军事思想是丰富的,它多侧面地涉及了对古代军事斗争现象的理解和概括,其中也包括了军事斗争中的重要组成部分——田猎习武。在《周易》所取田猎之象中,真切地体现着《周易》的战争观念、军训观念。其中反对躁于用武的田猎观;田猎所体现的古朴的人道精神;田猎之义是为诛除丑类;以田猎形式来娴习征战技艺;田猎之获,演习着战争胜利的意义等等,质而言之,这就是它的战争观念。本文即专题探讨《周易》对古代田猎习武现象的认识及其所具有的观念。     

Visual exploration of pedestrian crossings by adults and children: Comparison of strategies

In pedestrian crossing situations, children are less able to make safe crossing decisions compared to adults.The aim of the present study was to analyze and compare the ocular behaviour of children and adults in the pedestrian crossing situations using the eye tracking. The study involved 22 children ranging in age from 5 years to 6 years 2 months and 22 adults. Children and adults participated in a brief eye tracking session designed to explore field of view in road crossing scenarios. They were presented with four pictures of pedestrian crossing and instructed to observe the pictures as if they were on the sidewalk getting ready to cross the road. The eye movements of the subjects looking at the pictures on the screen were collected through the eye tracker.The results showed that adults used a far more intense exploration of the useful visual field of view. They looked at all the different areas of the field of view more frequently and for a longer time. Another interesting point is that the children gazed at areas and elements that are irrelevant to a safe crossing but prove salient for various reasons. Implications for road safety training are discussed.