我国高校知识女性心理素质特点的调查研究

为教育部“九五”课题《现代高校知识女性心理素质结构的研究》总结性部分。通过对全国15所有代表性高等学校知识女性的调查研究,我们分析了我国高校知识女性的心理素质特点。(1)高校知识女性在智能素质、心理健康素质、角色控制感、开拓性和适应性素质方面优于非高校女性;(2)在智能素质、心理健康素质、角色满意度上低于高校知识男性,而工作压力感、职业满意度优于高校知识男性;(3)从年龄上,中年期高校知识女性的心理承受力最低。     

应对计划对女大学生减肥效果的影响：情绪调节和理想体型有调节的中介作用

为探讨女大学生减肥行动阶段中应对计划、情绪调节和理想体型对减肥效果的影响,该研究采用问卷法调查了201名女大学生。结果表明:(1)情绪调节在应对计划对减肥效果的影响中起完全中介作用;(2)理想体型调节了情绪调节对减肥效果的影响,在理想体型较瘦的人群中,情绪调节水平越高,就越有利于实现减肥目标;(3)整体模型检验发现,应对计划、情绪调节、理想体型与减肥效果形成一个有调节的中介模型;(4)盲目减肥者与合理减肥者在有调节的中介模型中具有跨组一致性。结论:女大学生无论是否应该减肥,在减肥行动阶段中应对计划都要通过提高情绪调节能力促进减肥效果。理想体型调节了这一过程,较低的理想体型有利于实现减肥目标。     

女性生理周期对条件性恐惧习得和消退的影响

动物研究显示, 雌激素调节条件性恐惧习得和消退, 但是, 人类的性激素对条件性恐惧习得和消退的影响还不太清楚。因此, 本研究以大学生为研究对象, 考察女性不同生理周期对条件性情境恐惧的习得和消退的影响。20名经前期和20名经期女被试暴露于3种情境下：无厌恶刺激情境(N)、可预测情境(P)和不可预测情境(U), 预测此3种情境下是否出现厌恶刺激。以在线索条件下和无线索条件下对厌恶刺激的主观预期值为因变量。研究结果显示:在习得阶段, 经期女性在P情境下的条件性线索恐惧的主观预期值高于经前期女性; 经前期女性在3种情境下的条件性情境恐惧的主观预期值都高于经期女性, 但只在N情境和P情境, 与经期女性相比, 经前期女性对厌恶刺激的主观预期值存在显著差异。在消退阶段, 与经期女性相比, 经前期女性在3种情境下的条件性情境恐惧的主观预期值更高, 且经前期女性对厌恶刺激的主观预期值在N情境和P情境显著高于经期女性。该结果显示, 经前期女性对条件性情境恐惧易习得难消退, 表明此生理阶段的性激素影响大脑的情绪调节功能, 从而影响条件性情境恐惧。     

女性员工如何进行性别身份印象管理?

女性员工性别身份印象管理是指女性员工为了扭转他人对自己女性身份的偏见和消极印象,而影响他人看法的过程。性别身份印象管理策略包括社会再范畴化策略和积极区分策略,前者旨在减少与女性身份的联系,后者意在强调女性身份的积极意义。两类策略会对女性获得的评价、职业发展和个人福祉产生不同的效果;工作场所偏好、性别刻板印象强弱等因素调节了这两类策略的效果。未来研究应继续从性别身份印象管理、组织干预和中国文化背景等方面探讨如何减少性别歧视对女性员工的影响。     

Career And Relationship Satisfaction Among Female Faculty in Marriage and Family Therapy Programs

This study explored career and relationship satisfaction of women faculty in accredited marital and family therapy (MFT) programs. Faculty were more satisfied with teaching duties than research or service duties and more satisfied with service than research duties. A backwards multiple regression procedure showed that the combined variables of psychosocial mentoring functions, expanded service duties, and having received an award for research or service were associated with greater levels of career satisfaction while career mentoring functions were associated with reduced levels of career satisfaction. Implications and suggestions for improving the academic climate are presented for institutions, MFT programs, the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT), and the Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education (COAMFTE).     

Enhanced feminine sexual behavior and infertility in female rats prenatally treated with an antiestrogen

An attempt to elucidate the possible role of prenatal estrogen on the development of feminine sexual behavior and reproductive function was made by treating females with the antiestrogen CI628 prenatally on days 13-19. Control females were prenatally treated with saline or remained untreated. The animals were delivered by caesarian section on day 22 of pregnancy and placed with foster mothers whose newborn pups had been previously removed. Intact peripubertal females in each treatment group were observed for several reproductive measures, including the capacity to become pregnant. Other females were ovariectomized in adulthood and treated with estradiol benzoate (EB) (1, 1.5, 2 or 4 micro g/rat) and 0.5 mg progesterone and tested for receptivity, proceptivity and sexual partner preference. Two weeks after the completion of these tests, the females were injected daily for 7 days with 0.25 mg testosterone and tested for sexual partner preference and mounting behavior. The results obtained showed accelerated vaginal opening, and infertility in the antiestrogen-treated intact females and enhanced receptivity and proceptivity in response to 1 micro g EB in the antiestrogen ovariectomized females. Sexual partner preference and mounting behavior did not differ between groups. These results suggest an involvement of prenatal estrogen on the development of female reproductive function, but not on behavioral differentiation.     

Understanding the positive and negative outcomes of developmental challenges on the social psychology of female executives in top management teams

Drawing on social identity theory, this conceptual article proposes how working in a male-dominated top management team (TMT) leads to changes in the social psychology of female executives over time. Further, it simultaneously incorporates the role of various factors to develop a comprehensive understanding of positive as well as negative change experiences of female executives. Based on thorough review and integration of the relevant literature from the domains of organizational behaviour, gender management, and psychology, key themes have been extracted and a conceptual model has been proposed. It is suggested that female executives are likely to face epistemological shock after becoming a part of male-dominated TMTs; however, proactive interactions and development of their cultural toolkit is expected to polish leadership capabilities and improve leader identity in them. Conversely, challenges in developing their cultural toolkit may lead to experiences of emotional exhaustion and the eventual psychological detachment of female executives from their teams and work environment. Unlike the focus of existing literature on general social and cultural challenges faced by female workers, this research offers a unique theoretical direction regarding the essence of extensive psychological changes and their long-term prospects for females in male-dominated TMTs. Finally, it also offers practical implications for highlighting various ways to encourage proactivity and social support for creating diversity and inclusion-based leadership in organizations.     

Content analysis of infanticide and neonaticide cases in the UK

Twenty cases, 14 infanticides and 6 neonaticides committed between 1989 and 2020 by biological mothers were analysed using Smallest Space Analysis for the presence of themes. Three themes associated with offender motivation were identified: Desperation, Disturbance and Rejection. Desperation theme included variables suggesting the mother committed the crime as a result of distress or perceived necessity. Disturbance suggested the motivation behind the offence to be as a result of the mother's caregiving role being disturbed; and the Rejection theme explained complete maternal rejection of the infant or new-born as the motivation behind the crime. Alongside the themes, three core variables were identified to be common for the crime regardless of motivation: the crime being committed at Home, the victim Female, and the crime being Denied by the mother. The implications of the findings are discussed including the potential for an investigative support tool and developing understandings of neonaticide and infanticide as separate crimes.     

Pushing against Gender Barriers

This article presents the case study of Lilija Otīlija Grīviņa's calling to China. Her ministry is one example of how the practice of mission facilitates self-identification, as a person responds to the call of God regardless of their gender. The major sources of the study are archive materials from the Liebenzell Mission and the Latvian Lutheran Church, as well as Grīviņa's newsletters published in Chinas Millionen. To provide theological background for the missionary service of women, the study also looks at the work of German missiologists Gustav Warneck and Theodore Christlieb. The research uses a main historical comparative methodology to uncover the development of thought of women missionaries in the specific historical context.