画概念图对高中二年级学生认知结构形成的影响

运用联想测试方法探索高二学生学习新陈代谢一章后的认知结构。运用相关系数值绘制出了学生的认知结构图。结果显示,运用概念图策略进行教学的实验班学生更容易形成认知结构。实验班学生所形成的认知结构更良好、更合理。     

顶叶在特征捆绑中的作用--对一例典型双侧顶叶损伤病人的研究

本实验以一例典型双侧顶叶损伤患者为研究对象,以数字和几何形状为材料,采用形状和颜色特征识别任务,主要考察了顶叶及空间信息是否影响视觉特征捆绑。结果显示,患者在特征捆绑任务上操作成绩较差,错觉性结合错误远远多于特征错误,且正确反应及错觉性结合受刺激间的距离及呈现方式的影响,表现出距离和位置效应。这些结果表明,顶叶在视觉特征捆绑中起重要作用,这种影响作用很可能与空间注意有关。本研究进一步为特征整合理论提供了神经心理学的证据。     

特征和位置信息在价值驱动注意捕获中的作用

本研究采用训练−测试范式考察颜色和位置信息在价值驱动注意捕获中的作用。实验1考察是否存在基于具体位置的价值驱动的注意捕获效应。在训练阶段, 被试对8个位置中两个位置出现的红色目标反应伴随着高奖励反馈, 而对另外两个位置出现的红色目标反应伴随着低奖励反馈, 其它4个位置为中性位置, 没有目标出现。在测试阶段, 一半试次中红色刺激作为分心物出现。结果发现, 只有当分心刺激出现在高奖励位置和两个高奖励位置之间的中性位置时才能够捕获注意; 实验2考察颜色和位置信息在价值驱动注意捕获中的交互作用。在训练阶段, 将颜色特征和位置信息联合起来进行学习。在测试阶段, 和高、低奖励相联结的颜色刺激各在1/3试次中作为分心物出现。结果发现, 只有当高奖励颜色出现在高奖励位置或出现在高奖励位置之间的中性位置时才能够捕获注意。研究结果表明：(1)位置联结的价值驱动的注意捕获效应能够泛化到特定邻近位置上; (2)个体在训练阶段将颜色和位置的联合特征与奖励建立联结, 训练阶段建立的联结不能泛化到部分特征上。价值驱动注意捕获效应的泛化具有选择性。     

Fifty years on: a training for the 21 century, from couple to community

The paper describes the gradual transformation of the structures, process and content of the adult training at the Society of Analytical Psychology (SAP) from 1997 when the potential for individuation had gone awry through lack of a culturally relevant and coherent programme until 2005 when trainees' professional and personal individuation could be enhanced by a process and a curriculum representing fairly the interests and beliefs of the range of different approaches to Jungian psychology that are to be found in the SAP. The process has taken eight years to complete and in the paper, the authors, two successive Directors of Training, describe the persistent resistances to necessary change from within their Society, focusing in particular on the key role of the founder member; the privileging of the internal world at the expense of significant external factors; a confusion of roles among members between volunteers and professionals and last, but by no means least, the contamination of the educative task and the creation of a training community by fantasies of the mother/infant couple.     

Why does visual working memory ability improve with age: More objects,more feature detail,or both? A registered report

We investigated how visual working memory (WM) develops with age across the early elementary school period (6–7 years), early adolescence (11–13 years), and early adulthood (18–25 years). The work focuses on changes in two parameters: the number of objects retained at least in part, and the amount of feature-detail remembered for such objects. Some evidence suggests that, while infants can remember up to three objects, much like adults, young children only remember around two objects. This curious, nonmonotonic trajectory might be explained by differences in the level of feature-detail required for successful performance in infant versus child/adult memory paradigms. Here, we examined if changes in one of two parameters (the number of objects, and the amount of detail retained for each object) or both of them together can explain the development of visual WM ability as children grow older. To test it, we varied the amount of feature-detail participants need to retain. In the baseline condition, participants saw an array of objects and simply were to indicate whether an object was present in a probed location or not. This phase begun with a titration procedure to adjust each individual's array size to yield about 80% correct. In other conditions, we tested memory of not only location but also additional features of the objects (color, and sometimes also orientation). Our results suggest that capacity growth across ages is expressed by both improved location-memory (whether there was an object in a location) and feature completeness of object representations.     

儿童电视动画片播放效果的研究

本研究运用心理学的研究方法、测量手段和建构因果模型的统计方法 ,评价了儿童电视动画片的传播效果。研究包括三个步骤 :1确定效标和影响动画片传播效果的特征 ;2提出假设的因果关系模型 ;3对模型进行估计、检验和修正。本研究的主要结果是 :动画片的内容和观众的家庭教育状况对观众看动画片的收获有着显著的正效应 ,观众的收视状况对收获有较大的负效应 ;动画片的内容、形式对于观众对动画片的态度有着积极的直接效应 ;态度和收获之间的因果关系是单向的 ,即态度影响收获 ;建立的因果模型能较好地预测和评价儿童电视动画片的传播效果     

A scale-invariant treatment for recursive path models

A reparameterization is formulated that yields estimates of scale-invariant parameters in recursive path models with latent variables, and (asymptotically) correct standard errors, without the use of constrained optimization. The method is based on the logical structure of the reticular action model.     

类别成员跨维度特征关系对类别学习的影响

探讨类别成员具有多维度相同特征与多维度匹配特征条件下对人们类别学习的影响。被试来自华南师范大学一年级本科生,要求他们学习不同特征结构的类别材料,然后进行测试,以学习阶段的单元数与错误率、测试阶段的反应时与错误率为指标。共包括3个实验,实验1探讨了类别成员具有双维度相同特征、双维度匹配特征与非匹配特征条件下进行类别学习的成绩。实验2探讨类别成员在空间位置分离的两个维度上具有相同特征对类别学习的影响。实验3进一步探讨类别间成员具有双维度相同特征对类别学习的影响。结果表明：（1）类别成员具有双维度相同特征时,人们在归类学习中会将这两个维度看成是一个维度,从而促进类别学习;（2）类别成员具有双维度匹配特征,或者在两个不相邻维度具有相同特征时,对于类别学习没有起到这种特定的促进作用;（3）如果类别间成员具有双维度相同特征,则对类别学习产生消极影响。研究结果表明,在类别学习过程中,特征相似性状况对维度的确立也会产生影响。     

任务转换条件下对特征的并行搜索

采用双任务范式,以两个实验探讨了任务设置与刺激特征的匹配程度对特征搜索方式的影响。要求被试首先辨认数字序列中包含的字母,随后完成特征搜索任务。在实验一中特征搜索任务是检测同时呈现的多个灰色圆点(干扰子）中是否有红色圆点(目标）出现。在实验二中,以多种不同颜色的圆点代替实验一中的灰色干扰子。结果发现：在特征搜索主要由自下而上的信息或自上而下的信息引导的两种条件下,任务设置与刺激特征的匹配程度均不影响特征搜索方式,特征搜索仍以并行方式进行。据上述结果笔者推测,在任务设置与刺激特征不匹配的条件下,视觉加工系统首先调整任务设置使二者相匹配,随后进行高效率的并行搜索,而非在二者不匹配的条件下进行低效率的系列搜索。     

抑郁症的整合情绪记忆模型述评

多种早期情绪记忆模型尝试揭示抑郁症的认知致病原因和机制。但是,抑郁症的致病因素存在多样性,而各个模型只侧重于某个方面,难以全面、系统、准确对其进行的诠释。整合情绪记忆模型将记忆建构、自我图式、自传体记忆、内隐记忆等认知结构进行系统的整合,从编码和提取的角度对抑郁症的的发生、持续和治疗提供新的解释,为抑郁症的预防、治疗提供了新思路。