Graph matching approach and generalized median graph for automatic labeling of cortical sulci with parallel and distributed algorithms

The human brain cortex is very complex structure containing folds (gyri) and fissures (sulci) that were the subject of our study in this paper. The sulcus is one of the most important features in order to know the different functions areas of the brain. The exact identification of sulci on human brain using MRI images is helpful in many studies and applications related to brain diseases and human behavior. Automatic labeling of cortical sulci with all this complexity and inter-subject variability, this is considered non-trivial task. In this paper, we have proposed a new graph based approach of automatic labeling of cortical sulci with parallel and distributed algorithms using graph matching and generalized median graph. The graph matching is very important in many studies and applications such as pattern recognition and classification. The generalized median graph of a set of graphs is a way to represent a set of graphs by a comprehensive graph that minimizes the sum of the distances to all graphs. We have used the characteristics of shape, orientation and location to describe the sulci. The results that we have obtained prove that our approach is accurate and acceptable in this field which uses the graph matching for automatic labeling of cortical sulci.     

How do we optimize message matching interventions? Identifying matching thresholds,and simultaneously matching to multiple characteristics

Matching the content of persuasive messages to the characteristics (e.g., motives, personality) of people receiving them is a widely used technique to improve persuasion. However, little is known about how to optimize matching beyond simply using the technique. We propose that matching interventions can be strengthened by matching messages to multiple characteristics at a time, and introduce the concept of matching thresholds to improve the way interventionists assign messages. Matching thresholds are defined as the points along characteristics where people change from being most responsive to one message type to another. We provide statistical and methodological tools to estimate matching thresholds, and evaluate these tools in two simulation studies. We then report an online experiment (N = 568) where we find an advantage for simultaneously matching messages to two characteristics (promotion focus and interdependent self-construal) and provide estimates of the matching thresholds to guide the assignment of gain/loss frames and independence/interdependence appeals.     

Regularization of languages by adults and children: A mathematical framework

The fascinating ability of humans to modify the linguistic input and “create” a language has been widely discussed. In the work of Newport and colleagues, it has been demonstrated that both children and adults have some ability to process inconsistent linguistic input and “improve” it by making it more consistent. In Hudson Kam and Newport (2009), artificial miniature language acquisition from an inconsistent source was studied. It was shown that (i) children are better at language regularization than adults and that (ii) adults can also regularize, depending on the structure of the input. In this paper we create a learning algorithm of the reinforcement-learning type, which exhibits patterns reported in Hudson Kam and Newport (2009) and suggests a way to explain them. It turns out that in order to capture the differences between children’s and adults’ learning patterns, we need to introduce a certain asymmetry in the learning algorithm. Namely, we have to assume that the reaction of the learners differs depending on whether or not the source’s input coincides with the learner’s internal hypothesis. We interpret this result in the context of a different reaction of children and adults to implicit, expectation-based evidence, positive or negative. We propose that a possible mechanism that contributes to the children’s ability to regularize an inconsistent input is related to their heightened sensitivity to positive evidence rather than the (implicit) negative evidence. In our model, regularization comes naturally as a consequence of a stronger reaction of the children to evidence supporting their preferred hypothesis. In adults, their ability to adequately process implicit negative evidence prevents them from regularizing the inconsistent input, resulting in a weaker degree of regularization.     

客体和空间工作记忆中三维图形的特征加工时程

采用单探测变化觉察范式，对三维图形的特征在客体和空间工作记忆中的加工时程进行了探讨。实验一的材料是由不同颜色和形状组成的规则立体图形。实验二的材料是由不同颜色和图案组成的六棱柱。实验结果显示：（1）客体和空间工作记忆绩效均随识记项目数的增加而显著下降；（2）随着刺激呈现时间的延长，客体工作记忆绩效显著提高，空间工作记忆绩效无明显增加；且在三种呈现时间条件下，空间工作记忆绩效均高于客体工作记忆；（3）三维图形中颜色特征的检测绩效优于形状、图案和特征捆绑。这些结果表明，视觉工作记忆中三维图形的特征加工存在显著的时程效应，空间位置加工最早完成，其次是颜色加工，然后是形状与颜色-形状的捆绑，最后是图案与颜色-图案的捆绑。     

Affective development and etiological implication in body image disorders and anorexia: reflections on bdd manifestations and refusal of food in a psychodynamic view

The literature demonstrates that relational experiences during childhood have a strong impact on the trajectories of psychological growth. This article focuses on the major developmental phases for identity formation, psychological growth, mentalization skills, and ability to share affective states. It presents a careful analysis of some key factors that influence the representation of body image and the relationship with food, from a perspective that integrates relational psychodynamic models. In particular, it looks at the ways in which individuals and caregivers actively co-create the symptomatic process of intrapsychic reality in which body disease and refusal of food are performed.     

Application of the generalized matching law to point-after-touchdown conversions and kicker selection in college football

Coaches make a variety of complex decisions in American-rules college football, especially related to point-after-touchdown (PAT) conversions and, historically, kicker selection. However, little research has characterized the pattern of these choices and whether they are sensitive to environmental manipulations, such as increased effort to score. In the present study, the generalized matching law (GML)—a model that predicts a linear relation between log-transformed choices for two alternatives and the amount of reinforcement garnered from them—was applied to PAT-conversion (1 point vs. 2 point) and kicker (soccer-style vs. conventional-style) selection using archived data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Overall, PAT-conversion and kicker selection exhibited matching. Further, narrowing the goal-post width was associated with decreased preference for one-point (relative to two-point) PAT attempts and enhanced sensitivity to increases in points scored from one-point (relative to two-point) PAT attempts. This investigation provides support for the ecological validity of the GML and demonstrates that complex decisions in football conform to an orderly pattern that can be described using the GML.