社交网站支持对大学生社交网站成瘾的影响:有调节的中介模型

探讨社交网站支持对大学生社交网站成瘾的影响机制.采用社交网站支持量表、感觉寻求量表、错失恐惧量表和社交网站成瘾量表对501名大学生进行调查.结果发现:(1)社交网站支持正向预测大学生社交网站成瘾;(2)错失恐惧在社交网站支持与大学生社交网站成瘾间起部分中介作用;(3)感觉寻求调节了社交网站支持对大学生社交网站成瘾的影响...     

The role of fantasies and dreams in the TV viewing—aggression relationship

The TV viewing habits of 391 8-year-old and 10-year-old Finnish children were related to their aggression, their aggressive and fear fantasies, and their dreams and fantasies about TV. Two measurements of aggression were made: peer-nominated aggression and self-rated aggression. TV viewing habits were measured by the amount of TV seen during a week and violence viewing, that is, how regularly violent TV serials were watched. Hypothetically, in addition to a direct relationship between TV viewing and aggression, there could also be an indirect relationship; for example, fantasizing might provide a link in the TV viewing-aggression relationship. There were significant positive correlations for the boys between TV viewing variables and aggression. There were also significant positive correlations between the amount of TV and televised violence viewing and fear and aggressive fantasies in general and with dreams and fantasies about actual TV programs seen. The correlations were less frequent for the girls. The same tendencies were evident for age groups and education. More frequent positive correlations were found with older children and regular classes than with younger children and music classes. The use of fantasy was also correlated positively with both peer-nominated and self-rated aggression. The results of the present study support the information-processing theory, which suggests that the more a child watches TV the more he or she has fantasies about the programs and rehearses the scenes viewed which, in turn, results in explicit aggressive behavior.     

疼痛恐惧的神经机制及其消退

疼痛恐惧是疼痛基础和临床研究中的一个重要课题。个体对疼痛信息产生过度警觉,诱发不恰当的回避行为,扰乱机体的正常功能,加剧疼痛的现象即为疼痛恐惧。疼痛恐惧可影响个体的疼痛感知以及疼痛相关的注意和回避行为,且在慢性疼痛(如慢性肌骨骼疼痛)的发展、维持个体正常生理功能的丧失中起着重要作用。疼痛恐惧的形成与表达涉及杏仁核、海马、背侧前扣带回皮层、和前额叶皮层等脑区的参与。当前的疼痛恐惧消退的心理-行为干预方法可在疼痛恐惧加工的不同阶段(巩固、再巩固和消退)消退个体的疼痛恐惧。然而,由于恐惧记忆形成过程较为复杂并受多种因素影响,疼痛恐惧记忆消退方法效果较不稳定,其基础研究与临床应用之间仍存在较大的鸿沟。将来研究有必要考虑到疼痛恐惧形成环境的差异以及个体人格特质/心理状态的差异,逐步完善相关消退方法并将其引入临床镇痛,以期帮助患者弱化、擦除甚至改写困扰他们的疼痛恐惧,从而缓解甚至消除病患的疼痛。     

Fearing shades of grey: individual differences in fear responding towards generalisation stimuli

Individual differences in fear generalisation have been proposed to play a role in the aetiology and/or maintenance of anxiety disorders, but few data are available to directly support that claim. The research that is available has focused mostly on generalisation of peripheral and central physiological fear responses. Far less is known about the generalisation of avoidance, the behavioural component of fear. In two experiments, we evaluated how neuroticism, a known vulnerability factor for anxiety, modulates an array of fear responses, including avoidance tendencies, towards generalisation stimuli (GS). Participants underwent differential fear conditioning, in which one conditioned stimulus (CS+) was repeatedly paired with an aversive outcome (shock; unconditioned stimulus, US), whereas another was not (CS?). Fear generalisation was observed across measures in Experiment 1 (US expectancy and evaluative ratings) and Experiment 2 (US expectancy, evaluative ratings, skin conductance, startle responses, safety behaviours), with overall highest responding to the CS+, lowest to the CS? and intermediate responding to the GSs. Neuroticism had very little impact on fear generalisation (but did affect GS recognition rates in Experiment 1), in line with the idea that fear generalisation is largely an adaptive process.     

All in the first glance: first fixation predicts individual differences in valence bias*

Surprised expressions are interpreted as negative by some people, and as positive by others. When compared to fearful expressions, which are consistently rated as negative, surprise and fear share similar morphological structures (e.g. widened eyes), but these similarities are primarily in the upper part of the face (eyes). We hypothesised, then, that individuals would be more likely to interpret surprise positively when fixating faster to the lower part of the face (mouth). Participants rated surprised and fearful faces as either positive or negative while eye movements were recorded. Positive ratings of surprise were associated with longer fixation on the mouth than negative ratings. There were also individual differences in fixation patterns, with individuals who fixated the mouth earlier exhibiting increased positive ratings. These findings suggest that there are meaningful individual differences in how people process faces.     

Associative learning versus fear habituation as predictors of long-term extinction retention

Violation of unconditioned stimulus (US) expectancy during extinction training may enhance associative learning and result in improved long-term extinction retention compared to within-session habituation. This experiment examines variation in US expectancy (i.e., expectancy violation) as a predictor of long-term extinction retention. It also examines within-session habituation of fear-potentiated startle (electromyography, EMG) and fear of conditioned stimuli (CS) throughout extinction training as predictors of extinction retention. Participants (n?=?63) underwent fear conditioning, extinction and retention and provided continuous ratings of US expectancy and EMG, as well as CS fear ratings before and after each phase. Variation in US expectancy throughout extinction and habituation of EMG and fear was entered into a regression as predictors of retention and reinstatement of levels of expectancy and fear. Greater variation in US expectancy throughout extinction training was significantly predictive of enhanced extinction performance measured at retention test, although not after reinstatement test. Slope of EMG and CS fear during extinction did not predict retention of extinction. Within-session habituation of EMG and self-reported fear is not sufficient for long-term retention of extinction learning, and models emphasizing expectation violation may result in enhanced outcomes.     

Fear and avoidance of driving among drivers involved in a road traffic crash. The role of traumatic fear and driving cognitions

Fear and avoidance of driving are possible consequences of involvement in road traffic crashes (RTCs). Few studies have assessed the factors associated with fear and avoidance of driving after an RTC. The aim of this present study is to investigate the relations among trauma appraisals of fear, negative driving cognitions, fear and avoidance of driving in a sample of people who experienced vehicle crashes. Further, the mediating role of negative driving cognitions in the relation between trauma appraisals, fear of driving and avoidance of driving was assessed. The sample was comprised of 116 drivers who had been involved in an RTC in the past two years. Negative driving cognitions positively predicted fear of driving and avoidance of driving. Moreover, negative driving cognitions mediated the relation among trauma appraisals of fear with fear of driving and avoidance of driving. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.     

错失恐惧与社交网站成瘾：有调节的中介模型

为探讨错失恐惧、自我损耗及关系型自我构念对社交网站成瘾的影响及作用机制,本研究基于有限自制力模型,采用问卷法调查了526名微信朋友圈或QQ空间的大学生用户。结果发现：（1）在控制性别的条件下,错失恐惧能显著正向预测社交网站成瘾;（2）错失恐惧还通过自我损耗的中介作用间接预测社交网站成瘾;（3）关系型自我构念调节错失恐惧通过自我损耗预测社交网站成瘾的前半路径。具体来说,相比于低关系型自我构念个体,高关系型自我构念个体的错失恐惧更多地通过自我损耗影响其社交网站成瘾。     

预期错误在恐惧记忆更新中的作用与机制

依据错误驱动的学习理论,行为预期结果与实际结果之间的不匹配即预期错误(Predictionerror,PE)是学习产生的驱动因素。作为显著性信息中的一种,预期错误和物理显著性、惊讶、新异性等存在信息加工阶段的不同,与记忆更新的关系也有差异。近年来,记忆再巩固干预范式(reconsolidation interference)被证明可用于人类条件性恐惧记忆的更新,其中记忆提取激活阶段所包含的预期错误起到了引发记忆“去稳定”、开启记忆再巩固的关键作用。在促进恐惧记忆更新的行为机制上,PE被认为是记忆去稳定的必要非充分条件。记忆提取必须包含适量的PE,但其引发的是记忆去稳定、消退还是中间状态,还需结合记忆本身性质确定。在促进恐惧记忆更新的神经机制上,杏仁核、导水管周围灰质(PAG)、海马均在PE探测和计算过程中具有重要作用;前额叶皮层(PFC)及其亚区在PE开启记忆再巩固过程中扮演了重要角色。上述过程又受到神经系统中特定神经递质的重要调节,尤其是多巴胺能和谷氨酸能。未来研究应进一步探索基于PE计算模型的量化研究,整合PE与其他边界条件的交互作用,考察不同类型显著性在记忆再巩固中的作用等;并亟...     

Fear Appeals Revisited: Testing a Unique Anti-smoking Film

Past research has found that fear-arousing persuasive messages can significantly affect attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. In this study, participants in high and low threat conditions viewed appropriately edited versions of a unique fear appeal video used in the American Lung Association’s anti-smoking campaign, while control condition participants viewed no film. Threat condition participants expressed stronger anti-smoking behavioral intentions than did control condition participants. These results represent the first effectiveness test of this widely used film.