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72.
Aleksandra Kiślak-Malinowska 《Studia Logica》2007,87(2-3):323-342
In this paper we concentrate mainly on the notion of β-pregroups, which are pregroups (first introduced by Lambek [18] in 1999) enriched with modality operators. β-pregroups were first proposed by Fadda [11] in 2001. The motivation to introduce them was to limit (locally) the associativity
in the calculus considered. In this paper we present this new calculus in the form of a rewriting system, prove the very important
feature of this system - that in a given derivation the non-expanding rules must always proceed non-contracting ones in order
the derivation to be minimal (normalization theorem). We also propose a sequent system for this calculus and prove the cut
elimination theorem for it. As an illustration we show how to use β-pregroups for linguistical applications.
Special Issue Categorial Grammars and Pregroups Edited by Wojciech Buszkowski and Anne Preller 相似文献
73.
In this paper we test two hypotheses that stem from the work of Mellers, Chang, Birnbaum and Ordonez ( 1992 ). The first hypothesis is that in a binary gamble, the ratio of WTA to WTP is decreasing in the probability attached to a nonzero event. The second hypothesis is that this ratio is independent of the size of stakes. We find support for the first hypothesis, but mixed support for the second. The second hypothesis holds in the case of gains, but not in the case of losses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
74.
John Woods 《Argumentation》2000,14(2):107-134
A slippery slope argument is an argument to this twofold effect. First, that if a policy or practice P is permitted, then we lack the dialectical resources to demonstrate that a similar policy or practice P* is not permissible. Since P* is indeed not permissible, we should not endorse policy or practice P. At the heart of such arguments is the idea of dialectical impotence, the inability to stop the acceptance of apparently small deviations from a heretofore secure policy or practice from leading to apparently large and unacceptable deviations. Using examples of analogical arguments and sorites arguments I examine this phenomenon in the context of collapsing taboos. 相似文献
75.
Covenants and reputations 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Peter Vanderschraaf 《Synthese》2007,157(2):167-195
In their classic analyses, Hobbes and Hume argue that offensively violating a covenant is irrational because the offense ruins
one’s reputation. This paper explores conditions under which reputation alone can enforce covenants. The members of a community
are modeled as interacting in a Covenant Game repeated over time. Folk theorems are presented that give conditions under which
the Humean strategy of performing in covenants only with those who have never offensively violated or performed with an offensive
violator characterizes an equilibrium of the repeated Covenant Game. These folk theorems establish that for certain ideal
settings Hobbes’ and Hume’s arguments against offensively violating covenants are compelling. However, these ideal settings
presuppose that the community has certain mechanisms that generate common knowledge of the identities of those with whom one
should perform. I analyze the results of computer simulations of the interactions in a community whose members must rely upon
private communication alone. The computer simulation data show that in this community, reputation effects cannot effectively
deter members from offensively violating covenants. I conclude that Hobbes’ and Hume’s warnings against offensive violation
are compelling only on condition that the community is sufficiently structured to generate common knowledge among its members.
I also conclude that even in such structured communities, the Humean strategy is not the uniquely “correct” policy. 相似文献
76.
Timothy Bays 《Erkenntnis》2007,67(1):119-135
In an earlier paper, I claimed that one version of Putnam's model-theoretic argument against realism turned on a subtle, but
philosophically significant, mathematical mistake. Recently, Luca Bellotti has criticized my argument for this claim. This
paper responds to Bellotti's criticisms. 相似文献
77.
Free-variable semantic tableaux are a well-established technique for first-order theorem proving where free variables act as a meta-linguistic device for tracking the eigenvariables used during proof search. We present the theoretical foundations to extend this technique to propositional modal logics, including non-trivial rigorous proofs of soundness and completeness, and also present various techniques that improve the efficiency of the basic naive method for such tableaux. 相似文献
78.
"[人]在[大场所]"材料范式下观察不到信息整合的原因初探 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本研究采用扇效应技术来探求推翻G.A.Radvansky针对其1993年研究结果所作解释的证据。共分为两个分实验。实验1重复Radvansky1993年研究中的实验三,以取得中文材料的基线值,为实验2做准备;实验2通过在材料中使用同样具有可“移动性”的物体的概念(例如快餐车)来探讨“可移动性”是否是“[人]在[大场所]”材料范式下观察不到信息整合的根本原因。结果表明“人的可移动性”不是“[人]在[大场所]”.材料范式下观察不到信息整合的原因。 相似文献
79.
We investigate the research programme of dynamic doxastic logic (DDL) and analyze its underlying methodology. The Ramsey test for conditionals is used to characterize the logical and philosophical differences between two paradigmatic systems, AGM and KGM, which we develop and compare axiomatically and semantically. The importance of Gärdenfors’s impossibility result on the Ramsey test is highlighted by a comparison with Arrow’s impossibility result on social choice. We end with an outlook on the prospects and the future of DDL. 相似文献
80.
According to the dialetheist argument from the inconsistency of informal mathematics, the informal version of the Gödelian argument leads us to a true contradiction. On one hand, the dialetheist argues, we can prove that there is a mathematical claim that is neither provable nor refutable in informal mathematics. On the other, the proof of its unprovability is given in informal mathematics and proves that very sentence. We argue that the argument fails, because it relies on the unjustified and unlikely assumption that the informal Gödel sentence is informally provable. 相似文献