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541.
An intriguing phenomenon documented within political science research is the association between nation-building programs and increased subnational intergroup conflicts. Based on data collected in Hong Kong, an epicenter of subnational conflicts in China, this article suggests that nation building may intensify the tension between subnational groups because it helps to spread the belief that groups have fixed inherent characteristics. Specifically, in the face of deep intergroup cultural and political differences, people who see their nation as a historically unified entity are more likely to believe that those differences are unchangeable and, in turn, develop negative attitudes toward other subnational groups. We support these arguments with a representative survey of the population and two laboratory experiments. In the first experiment, respondents who are exposed to narratives that emphasize the homogeneity of the Chinese nation report a higher level of fixed group perceptions than those who receive the opposite message. In the second experiment, respondents who are primed to believe that group characteristics are fixed report significantly more negative attitudes toward migrants from other parts of China. Our findings contribute conceptually to the study of nation building and shed new light on the formation of immigration attitudes. 相似文献
542.
543.
We used reaction time techniques to study individual differences in accessibility of beliefs about the reality of religious targets. Moderately religious people were slower than religious or irreligious people. Religious people were faster than non-religious people. Reaction times to classify religious stimuli are stable over 8 days. We also found that religious people with accessible beliefs have the highest well-being, and that religious beliefs correspond to greater levels of religious behavior when the reality of religious stimuli is accessible. These results further our understanding on natural individual differences in attitude accessibility and add to our understanding of religious beliefs, including their impact. 相似文献
544.
Miguel M. Unzueta Brian S. Lowery Eric D. Knowles 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2008
We propose that White men derive a psychological benefit from believing that affirmative action is a quota-based policy. Three studies provide evidence that quota beliefs protect White men’s self-esteem by boosting their sense of self-competence. Study 1 found a positive relationship between quota beliefs and self-esteem that was mediated by self-perceived competence. In Studies 2 and 3, the belief in affirmative action quotas—whether measured or experimentally manipulated—protected White men’s self-esteem from self-image threatening feedback. Only participants who did not believe in quotas reported a lower self-esteem after being told they had performed poorly on an intelligence test. As in Study 1, this effect was mediated by self-perceived competence. In all, these studies suggest that the belief that affirmative action is a quota policy may persist, in part, because it benefits White mens’ self-esteem. 相似文献
545.
Halvor Nordby 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2008,29(6):357-370
Hilary Putnam’s influential analysis of the ‘division of linguistic labour’ has a striking application in the area of doctor–patient
interaction: patients typically think of themselves as consumers of technical medical terms in the sense that they normally
defer to health professionals’ explanations of meaning. It is at the same time well documented that patients tend to think
they are entitled to understand lay health terms like ‘sickness’ and ‘illness’ in ways that do not necessarily correspond
to health professionals’ understanding. Drawing on recent philosophical theories of concept possession, the article argues
that this disparity between medical and lay vocabulary implies that it is, in an important range of cases, easier for doctors
to create a communicative platform of shared concepts by using and explaining special medical expressions than by using common
lay expressions. This conclusion is contrasted with the view that doctors and patients typically understand each other when
they use lay vocabulary. Obviously, use of expressions like ‘sickness’ or ‘illness’ does not necessarily lead to poor communication,
but it is important that doctors have an awareness of how patients interpret such terms.
相似文献
Halvor NordbyEmail: Email: |
546.
Geoffrey L. Thorpe Elaine McMillan Sandra T. Sigmon Lindsay R. Owings Rachel Dawson Pamela Bouman 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2007,25(3):175-189
Assessment of irrational beliefs by such measures as the Common Beliefs Survey III (CBS) has traditionally relied upon classical
test theory assumptions, in which the properties of specific test items are less important than the total test score as the
aggregate of all item responses. An alternative approach using item response theory (IRT) methodology allows one to specify
the parameters of difficulty and discrimination for each test item. Difficulty levels of CBS items range along a continuum of irrationality, the implied latent trait measured by responses to the questionnaire as a whole. We evaluated the CBS responses of 605 individuals
from clinical and college settings, drawing from current and archival data. The original Likert scale ratings were recoded
into dichotomous scores. Fourteen of the 54 items were highly or very highly discriminating in distinguishing respondents
with high and low irrationality levels. However, discriminating items exhibited a very narrow range of difficulty; most functioned
at a point a little above the halfway mark on the continuum of irrationality. Item characteristic curves and test information
curves were very similar for female (n = 424) and male (n = 179) respondents. We derived a 4-item screening test for irrationality from our IRT analyses of the 54 CBS items. Further
test development, focused on the selection and scaling of items with a much broader range of difficulty, would facilitate
evaluation of the hierarchical structure of irrational beliefs.
Portions of this paper were presented at the 39th Annual Convention of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies,
Washington, DC, November, 2005. 相似文献
547.
Shaun Nichols 《Synthese》2007,159(2):215-233
Recent work in developmental psychology indicates that children naturally think that psychological states continue after death.
One important candidate explanation for why this belief is natural appeals to the idea that we believe in immortality because
we can’t imagine our own nonexistence. This paper explores this old idea. To begin, I present a qualified statement of the
thesis that we can’t imagine our own nonexistence. I argue that the most prominent explanation for this obstacle, Freud’s,
is problematic. I go on to describe some central features of contemporary cognitive accounts of the imagination, and I argue
that these accounts provide an independently motivated explanation for the imaginative obstacle. While the imaginative obstacle
does not dictate a belief in immortality, it does, I maintain, facilitate such a belief. 相似文献
548.
Parental affect and childrearing beliefs uniquely predict mothers' and fathers' ratings of children's behavior problems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Matthew K. Mulvaney Carolyn J. Mebert Jacqueline Flint 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2007,28(5-6):445
The focus of this study was to examine the relations between parental characteristics and ratings of children's behavior problems. Although there is a considerable body of research that indicates that parental reports of children's behavior are biased by the characteristics of the parent, a number of limitations of past research have precluded definitive conclusions about the impact of individual characteristics. This study examined the role of parental affect and childrearing beliefs in determining parental ratings of child behavior in a selected sample of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. A series of analyses was specified in which teachers' and co-parents' ratings were controlled to examine the unique associations between parental characteristics and ratings of child behavior. After controlling for the co-parents' and teachers' ratings, both mothers' and fathers' psychological characteristics uniquely contributed to variation in their ratings of children's behavior problems. The specific affective and childrearing belief variables that accounted for variation in parental ratings varied by parent sex and the broadband rating analyzed. These analyses indicate the role that rater-specific characteristics may play in determining parents' assessments of child behavior. 相似文献
549.
The negative reputation of women in mathematics and its consequences on their self-perceptions have been extensively demonstrated.
However, in France and other countries, the younger the students, the less pronounced these gender differences are. The focus
of this study was to explore whether children of two age groups (fourth graders and seventh graders) are aware of a math-ability
gender stereotype favorable to boys, and to determine their personal beliefs on mathematics ability. The link between this
gender stereotype and self-perceptions was also examined. As expected, there was not a clear-cut awareness of a math-ability
gender stereotype favorable to boys. More surprising, girls in both age groups and seventh-grade boys believed that girls
do better than boys. Moreover, when their gender identity was made salient, the boys who believed in girl superiority perceived
their own performance in mathematics as lower. The girls, on the other hand, regardless of their age and stereotype awareness
or personal beliefs, perceived their performance in math as higher when their gender identity was made salient than when it
was not. 相似文献
550.
Ronald A. Beghetto 《Social Psychology of Education》2007,10(2):171-191
This study examined the relationship between prospective teachers’ (N = 166) retrospective perceptions of their own past achievement goals and their current beliefs about students’ goal orientations
and achievement behaviors. Results of hierarchical regression analysis provide correlation evidence in support of a “carry-over
effect” of prospective teachers’ past goal orientations on their current beliefs about students. Specifically, prospective
teachers’ were found to believe that their future students will pursue goal orientations analogous to their own past goal
orientations. In addition, prospective teachers’ explanations for why students might engage in or avoid achievement-directed
behaviors were examined. Regardless of past goal orientation, “internal motives” (e.g., improvement and self-satisfaction)
represented the most frequent explanation offered by prospective teachers for why students engage in achievement behaviors.
Prospective teachers with past performance-approach goals were significantly more likely to view avoidance as a sign of “laziness,”
whereas those with past performance-avoidant goals were more likely to view avoidance as resulting from a “lack of confidence
and support.” Implications for subsequent research are discussed. 相似文献