慢性肾衰竭患者的人文关怀

慢性肾衰竭是一种长期的消耗性疾病,随着医学的进步,患者的生存时间明显延长,死亡率显著下降,但其并不能完全用以衡量医疗效果,保持良好的生理,心理及社会功能才是治疗的理想目标。这需要医务人员对患者实行有效的人文关怀,积极的心理治疗,提高患者的心理承受力和适应力,在延长患者生命的同时,改善和提高其生存质量。     

Satisfaction with Components of the Therapeutic Model: Perspectives of Consumers and Professionals

We provide information about consumer and provider perceptions using a mixed-model pilot study within the Intensive Mental Health Project (IMHP), a school-based treatment service for children with SED and their families. Caregiver, youth, and provider questionnaires developed for this project elicited quantitative and qualitative information on treatment satisfaction, therapeutic alliance, and active involvement in treatment. Caregivers and children overall had positive perceptions of the services they received through IMHP. Providers reported very good working relationships with most children and families. Consumers also provided constructive comments about how to improve services. Our results add support to the importance of therapeutic alliance and collaboration, which are guiding principles of the IMHP.     

成败等因素对小学生游戏中自我价值感的影响

本研究以三、四年级的142名小学生为被试,以自编的"背投沙包"游戏为载体,通过创设竞争与合作的四类小组以及控制成功与失败的结果,探讨其对个体自我价值感的影响。研究发现,个体的自我价值感受到个体成败而非群体成败的影响,其中人际关系起着部分中介作用。尤其是在失败的结果产生后,极端的高能力重视水平能够带来高自我价值感。而竞争与合作的小组安排对自我价值感的影响并不显著。     

慢性肾病、慢性肾功能衰竭全方位审视

慢性肾病（CKD）、慢性肾功能衰竭（CRF）是全身性疾病在肾脏的表现、特别与血管性免疫性和代谢性疾病相关。肾脏又是一个排泄器官,中西药的过度应用,尤其是具有毒性药物如雷公藤类、抗生素类累积性损伤肾脏。所以,根本性控制在于预防和少用药物。近年来因为应用了肾替代疗法、包括肾移植带来一些社会、经济、生活质量、移植肾来源等问题。本文以全新的理念提出质疑且对其共性治疗重新评估替代疗法,并重视个案分析对某些肾病的病名提出它的概念的非合理性,对其共性治疗的误导应予以反思。最后,建议逐步改变单纯生物医学模式的替代疗法,重视整体全方位地发挥自身潜在调节力量缓解或治愈或延长寿命,这样可以大大地减少CKD、CRF、ESRD的发病率。     

Young people's perceptions and experiences of leaving high school early: an exploration

Research suggests it is important for students to feel a sense of belonging to their school. Students who do not belong at school often attempt to satisfy this need through membership in antisocial groups, or they drop out from school altogether. The current study explored the perceptions and experiences of the school context held by young people who have left school early. Twelve young people aged 16–19 years were interviewed on their experiences of school and their wellbeing as a result of leaving school early. Constructionist grounded theory methodology formed the basis of the data analysis. The early leaving process was identified as having three phases; exclusion from school, the transition into workforce and the ‘now’ phase. The results identified factors in the school context that contributed to early student withdrawal. Furthermore, the research has implications for creating a ‘normative narrative’ (Rappaport, 2000 ) in relation to early school leavers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Depression, Psychological Resources, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults 75 and Above

The purposes of this study were (1) to compare psychological resources and health-related quality of life between two groups of community-dwelling elders, 75 years of age and older, with similar chronic illnesses, but with varying levels of depression, and (2) to examine the relationships among depression, psychological resources, and health-related quality of life. Fifty-two elders (14 men and 38 women) were divided into mildly (n = 18) and severely (n = 34) depressed groups based on their depression scores. There were no significant differences between the two groups for demographic and illness characteristics. There were significant differences for number of medications, mastery, health perceptions, mental health functioning, and well-being. Severely depressed elders had poorer health perceptions, and decreased mastery, functioning, and well-being as compared with mildly depressed elders. An explanatory model was developed using factor analysis that fit the data well. Health perceptions and mastery had direct influences on depression, and depression directly impacted well-being.     

走神的理论假设、影响因素及其神经机制

围绕“为什么会走神”这一问题, 文章首先介绍了走神的两个理论假设：解耦合假设和执行控制失败假设。接着论述了影响走神的各种因素, 并探讨了走神的神经机制。最后指出未来研究应着眼于走神的潜在功能来发展理论假设; 整合影响走神的各种因素到一个模型中, 从而更好地发现各因素对走神的综合影响; 应用同步脑电和功能磁共振成像技术以更精确地探索走神的神经机制。此外, 对特殊群体的走神研究以及走神的跨文化研究也是很有必要的。