分心抑制的年龄差异

通过对负启动范式的说明,从年龄发展的角度对分心抑制作了理论上的探讨,介绍了几个有代表性的理论与假说,包括抑制衰退理论、多样化抑制系统模型和最佳测试时间假说;并从工作记忆能量与分心抑制的关系上探讨了基于年龄发展的资源依赖抑制模型和抑制控制假说。     

不同复述条件下命名难度对图形记忆的影响

采用学习 -再认的方法对自由复述、部分特征的言语命名复述和视觉表象复述三种实验条件下图形的记忆效果进行了研究。结果表明 ,(1)图形记忆中存在明显的难度效应 ,难以命名图形的再认正确率高于易命名图形 ,反应时低于易命名图形。 (2 )被试在复述图形时 ,更倾向于选择那些难以命名的特征作为复述对象 ,以便把整个图形都记住。 (3)易命名图形的言语命名复述成绩好于视觉表象复述 ;而难以命名图形则不存在这种差异。两者自由选择时 ,将加快记忆提取的速度     

网络旗帜广告的记忆效果

由于人们对网络旗帜广告效果的质疑,在网络广告的计费方式上也出现了两种计价模式,分别为按照浏览率和点击率来计量广告效果。其本质问题在于单纯浏览是否能够产生广告效果,以及浏览和点击各自所能带来的广告效果差异有多大。本研究利用模糊测量及相应统计方法,就上网者对网络旗帜广告的记忆效果进行测量。结果显示,在单纯浏览的情况下,上网者对网络旗帜广告已经留有印象,但这种记忆效果并不随着浏览次数的增加而显著改善;点击所能带来的广告记忆效果约为单纯浏览对应效果的1.4~1.5倍     

陈述性记忆存储和巩固的神经机制

综述了陈述性记忆形成和巩固的神经机制,并对经典模型进行了修正和拓展。主要观点是：陈述性记忆的存储和巩固依赖于新皮层不同脑区之间建立新的联系,内侧颞叶在这一过程中起着重要作用;当陈述性记忆完全巩固后,信息的存储和提取完全依赖于新皮质;一个完整的陈述性记忆的信息被分别存储在解剖上分离的语义记忆与情节记忆存储系统内     

面孔加工的认知神经科学研究：回顾与展望

面孔加工的认知神经科学研究中的核心问题是,是否存在功能和神经机制上独立的面孔加工模块以及面孔加工系统的组织形式。使用电生理、脑成像以及对脑损伤病人进行神经心理学检查等手段,研究者已经找到选择性地对面孔反应的脑区,即梭状回面孔区（FFA）。文章从面孔加工系统的特异性与多成分性以及面孔识别模型等方面,系统回顾了该领域的主要研究成果。文章最后还简单展望了今后的研究方向。     

A Dissociation between Symbolic Number Knowledge and Analogue Magnitude Information

Semantic understanding of numbers and related concepts can be dissociated from rote knowledge of arithmetic facts. However, distinctions among different kinds of semantic representations related to numbers have not been fully explored. Working with numbers and arithmetic requires representing semantic information that is both analogue (e.g., the approximate magnitude of a number) and symbolic (e.g., what / means). In this article, the authors describe a patient (MC) who exhibits a dissociation between tasks that require symbolic number knowledge (e.g., knowledge of arithmetic symbols including numbers, knowledge of concepts related to numbers such as rounding) and tasks that require an analogue magnitude representation (e.g., comparing size or frequency). MC is impaired on a variety of tasks that require symbolic number knowledge, but her ability to represent and process analogue magnitude information is intact. Her deficit in symbolic number knowledge extends to a variety of concepts related to numbers (e.g., decimal points, Roman numerals, what a quartet is) but not to any other semantic categories that we have tested. These findings suggest that symbolic number knowledge is a functionally independent component of the number processing system, that it is category specific, and that it is anatomically and functionally distinct from magnitude representations.     

计算机有内隐记忆吗？——人与计算机的初步比较研究

本实验参照国内内隐记忆研究方面的一个经典实验(杨治良,1991),以无意义音节为材料,运用信号检测论的方法,对计算机是否存在内隐记忆的问题进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,在本实验条件下计算机只有单纯的100％正确的回忆效应,不具备内隐记忆。本研究为探明计算机的记忆特点作了初步尝试,同时也从一个新角度再次证明了内隐记忆是独立于外显记忆的客观存在。     

Memory deficits in young schizophrenics with normal general intellectual function

The aim of the present study was to examine different dimensions of memory functioning in young schizophrenics with normal general intellectual abilities. Thirty-three patients with schizophrenia and 33 healthy controls were included in the study. The results suggest that immediate short-term memory is intact, though there emerged a working memory deficit in the schizophrenia group. Deficient encoding of verbal material was observed in some, but not in other, testing conditions. There also seemed to be a retrieval deficit for verbal material in schizophrenia, though no storage deficit was indicated. Impaired memory for non-verbal material was also revealed. These results occurred in a context of intact executive functioning as measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The results indicate that temporal and frontal structures, as well as their interconnections, may be compromised in schizophrenia.     

选择性注意的分心物加工机制对工作记忆的影响

通过实验法严格筛选被试,探讨了在有无分心物干扰的条件下,选择性注意的分心物加工机制(分心物抑制机制、分心物习惯化机制)对工作记忆的影响。结果揭示了,分心物抑制机制不仅能影响工作记忆的储存而且还影响工作记忆的加工;而习惯化机制只影响工作记忆的储存,不影响工作记忆的加工。     

Implicit learning revealed by the method of opposition

Complex information, such as that required for motor skills, can be learned implicitly, without awareness. Much debate has centered on the appropriate methods for proving that implicit learning is not influenced by explicit awareness. A recent study by Destrebecqz and Cleeremans has provided compelling evidence for implicit sequence learning without awareness by using the ‘method of opposition’.