Psychological implications of a vision disorder

The paper discusses how the condition of crossed‐eyes affects a baby's eye contact with mother and potentially results in the loss of a vital emotional connection with her during the earliest days of life. This loss may contribute to a rupture that arrests emotional development at a deep psychic level. It is suggested that, in the same way as premature separation, the rupture can precipitate a ‘fusional complex’, a defence that develops to protect the infant against psychotic anxieties. The paper proposes that psychological development atrophies in this place and creates a blind spot. These ideas are explored through analytic theory and developmental literature. The dreams of a patient and his art are used to illustrate a 10‐year ‘alchemical’ process of bringing repressed material into consciousness and transformation. Healing the psychological wounds of deficits in early eye contact may be found to bring sight to a blind spot that was created by the nature of the condition itself.     

面孔加工中的热情优先效应：来自眼动的证据

本研究采用眼动追踪技术,从注意的角度考察面孔加工中热情和能力的关系。结果发现：热情面孔比能力面孔的首次注视到达时间更短;热情面孔的注视次数显著多于能力面孔,且总注视时间更长;在趋避判断的消极条件下,个体更倾向于对热情面孔做出回避的判断且反应时更长,在积极条件下则不存在显著差异。这表明,相比于能力面孔,个体对热情面孔注意更加警觉、注意维持更久,回避消极热情面孔的倾向更强。因此,热情面孔在注意和行为判断过程中对个体更加重要,即面孔加工中存在热情优先效应。     

Static and dynamic seductive illustration effects on text‐and‐graphic learning processes,perceptions, and outcomes: Evidence from eye tracking

This study aimed to examine how different forms (still pictures vs. animations) of seductive illustrations impact text‐and‐graphic learning processes, perceptions, and outcomes. An eye‐tracking experiment of three groups (static, dynamic, and control) was conducted with 60 college and graduate students while learning with PowerPoint slides about infant motor development milestones. Prior knowledge, learning performance, learning perception, and visual attention were assessed by achievement tests, self‐rated scales, and eye‐tracking measures. Analysis of variance and t test results showed that, under a low task‐load condition, no seductive details effect was found for learning achievement but was found for learning process and perception. Decreased attention was found in the relevant pictures in both experimental groups. With more deeply and intensively processing on the seductive animations, the dynamic group perceived more distractions than the static group. Lag sequential analysis results revealed different visual transitional patterns for the groups, providing deep understandings about the process of seductive details effects.     

内隐序列学习表征机制探究：眼动证据

内隐序列学习的表征机制是内隐学习研究领域的基本问题, 还存在争议。采用眼动追踪技术, 通过3个实验探讨内隐序列学习的表征机制。结果发现, 知觉序列混合眼跳和反应序列混合眼跳条件下发生序列学习; 朝向眼跳和反向眼跳条件下发生序列学习; 有、无分心反向眼跳下发生序列学习, 两者序列学习量差异不显著。整个研究表明, 内隐序列学习的表征依赖于序列信息。     

藏-汉读者汉语歧义句加工的歧义效应及语境促进效应

采用眼动技术,通过两个实验,考察藏-汉读者阅读汉语歧义句时的歧义效应以及语境在句子歧义消解中的作用。结果发现:藏-汉读者在阅读汉语歧义句时存在歧义效应; 语境对歧义消解起促进作用,表现为,当语境置于歧义句之前或语境意义偏向歧义句主要意思时,藏-汉读者对歧义句的加工更容易。并且,歧义效应和语境促进效应贯穿于早期阶段到晚期阶段的整个句子加工过程。     

弗洛姆人道主义和平伦理思想

在弗洛姆人道主义伦理学体系中,和平伦理思想是其中重要的内容。弗洛姆继承了先知及近现代人道主义思想家的和平思想,厘清了和平的两种内涵,揭露了人的贪欲和破坏性在战争中的作用,尖锐地批判了资本主义导致人的贪欲增长和技术社会带来的人的主体性丧失和核战争的危险。因此,他积极探索构建世界和平的伦理对策,提出应当重塑人性,发展爱、理性、创造性等人的第一潜能,促进彼此了解,以团结取代对抗,维护社会公平,建立以人的全面发展为目标的人道主义的社会主义。他的这些思想对于构建持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界具有重要的启发意义。     

Working memory, reading, and mathematical skills in children with developmental coordination disorder

The aim of the present study was investigate the relationship between working memory and reading and mathematical skills in 55 children diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The findings indicate a pervasive memory deficit in all memory measures. In particular, deficits observed in visuospatial short-term and working memory tasks were significantly worse than in the verbal short-term memory ones. On the basis of these deficits, the sample was divided into high and low visuospatial memory ability groups. The low visuospatial memory group performed significantly worse on the attainment measures compared to the high visuospatial memory group, even when the contribution of IQ was taken into account. When the sample was divided into high and low verbal working memory ability groups, verbal working memory skills made a unique contribution to attainment only when verbal IQ was taken into account, but not when performance IQ was statistically controlled. It is possible that the processing demands of the working memory tasks together with the active motor component reflected in the visuospatial memory tasks and performance IQ subtest both play a crucial role in learning in children with DCD.     

词边界信息和词频在汉语阅读中的作用

利用Eyelink2000眼动仪,记录27名本科生阅读时的眼动轨迹。句子中插入四种空格(正常无空格、词间空格、字间空格和非词空格)标记词边界信息,并操纵目标词的词频,以考察词边界信息和词频在汉语阅读中的作用。结果表明:(1)插入非词空格对低频词的干扰作用大于高频词,插入字间空格能促进低频词的加工;(2)被试对低频词的加工难度均大于高频词;(3)汉语阅读的基本加工单位为词而不是汉字。     

书面韵律边界与语境对歧义句歧义消解的影响

本研究采用眼动记录的方法,考察了被试理解层次分隔歧义句时,作为书面韵律边界的逗号起到的作用,以及逗号与语境信息间的交互作用。实验通过操纵逗号的位置,变化歧义句的句义;通过操纵语境内容,变化语境偏向与逗号解歧方向的一致性。结果发现,逗号做为书面的韵律边界促进了句子的加工。当有书面韵律边界为句子解歧时,被试更依赖于韵律边界。语境信息与书面韵律边界的交互作用发生于句子加工晚期。     

个人自立对注意偏向影响的眼动研究

通过使用基于眼动的罗夏墨迹测验图观察任务与新异/自我观点观察任务来探究个人自立对注意偏向的影响。结果发现:(1)除了第四张图片以外,个人自立高分组在观察其他9张罗夏墨迹测验图时的眨眼率都显著或边缘显著的高于低分组;(2)个人自立高分组在观察两张新异/自我语句图片时进行新异/自我观点回视的次数都要显著多于低分组;(3)在观察第1张新异/自我语句图时,个人自立低分组对自我观点的注意明显多于新异观点。