从征求到反应：建言行为链中的管理者角色

在建言行为发生链中,管理者扮演着征求者和反应者的不同角色。在管理实践中,管理者却罕于从员工处征求建言,或未能对员工建言做出有效反应。在学术界,目前有关管理者征求建言、纳谏和建言/建言者评估的研究日益丰富,但不成系统。为解决这些实践和理论上的不足,提出并整合建言行为链框架;并基于输入-过程-输出模型,从管理者角色入手,系统分析和归纳管理者征求建言、采纳建言、评估建言(者)的前提和结果,以诠释管理者在员工建言行为链中发挥的作用及其机制,并为管理者更好履行建言管理职能提供实践参考。     

病耻感对于精神病患者的影响以及文化对策

本文分析三种类型歧视所造成的患者及其家属的痛耻感,论述我们应当如何利用适当的文化应对策略来消除歧视、减少病耻感,从而有效地克服病耻感对于患者及其家属的负面影响。文化差异与病耻感的形成直接相关,文化作为一个重要变量,影响着精神卫生问题以及相应的服务政策,深入研究和认识儒家文化的核心价值有助于减少对于精神病患者的歧视,帮助他们克服病耻感。中国道家文化推崇道法自然,无为而治,可以发展出有效的心理疗法,对于精神疾病是一剂对症的良药。     

Supporting children’s counterfactual thinking with alternative modes of responding

To speculate about counterfactual worlds, children need to ignore what they know to be true about the real world. Prior studies yielding individual differences data suggested that counterfactual thinking may be related to overcoming prepotent responses. In two experiments, we manipulated how 3- to 5-year-olds responded to counterfactual conditional and syllogism tasks. In Experiment 1 (N = 39), children’s performance improved on both conditional and syllogism tasks when they responded with an arrow rather than pointing with a finger. In Experiment 2 (N = 42), 3- and 4-year-olds benefited from both an arrow manipulation and, separately, the introduction of a delay before responding. We suggest that both manipulations help children to overcome an impulsive prepotent response to counterfactual questions arising from a default assumption that information about the past is true.